References

  1. Stockholm Convention, Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), 2001. Available at: http://www.pops.int (Accessed 2014).
  2. UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), Dioxin and Furan Inventories, National and Regional Emissions of PCDD/F, UNEP Chemicals, Geneva, Switzerland, 1999.
  3. C.M. Chen, The emission inventory of PCDD/PCDF in Taiwan, Chemosphere, 54 (2004) 1413–1420.
  4. WHO (World Health Organization), Polychlorinated Dibenzopara-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans, Environmental Health Criteria No. 88, World Health Organization, International Programme on Chemical Safety, International Labour Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, Geneva, 1989.
  5. T. Sakurai, N. Suzuki, M. Morita, Examination of dioxin fluxes recorded in dated aquatic-sediments using multivariate data analysis, Chemosphere, 46 (2002) 1359–1365.
  6. J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza, E.R.M. Druffel, Environmental records of anthropogenic impacts on coastal ecosystems: an introduction, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 59 (2009) 87–90.
  7. P.K. Mandal, Dioxin: a review of its environmental effects and its aryl hydrocarbon receptor biology, J. Comp. Physiol. B, 175 (2005) 221–230.
  8. Y. Canedo-López, J.V. Macías-Zamora, M.A. Huerta-Diaz, L.L.W. Kwong, J.A. Sanchez-Cabeza, Historical trends of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in three dated sediment cores from Mexico, Environ. Pollut., 159 (2011) 487–494.
  9. M.A. Hararah, M.N. Saidan, A.M. Abu-Jrai, Z. Alhamamre, J. Alsawair, R.A. Damra, The PCDD/PCDF emission inventory in Jordan: Aqaba City, J. Chem. Technol. Metall., 51 (2016) 112–120.
  10. A. Abu-Hilal, T. Al-Najjar, Litter pollution on the Jordanian shores of the Gulf of Aqaba (Red Sea), Mar. Environ. Res., 58 (2004) 39–63.
  11. F. Kanbour, Design and Specification of Ambient Air Monitoring System, Aqaba Assistance Support Project (ATASP), 2003.
  12. A. Solieman, B. Al Bashir, Air Quality Management in the Aqaba Special Economic Zone (ASEZ), Paper Presented at the Third International Symposium on Air Quality Management at Urban, Regional and Global Scales, Istanbul, September 2005.
  13. US EPA, Method 1613: Tetra-Through Octa-Chlorinated Dioxins and Furans by Isotope Dilution HRGC/HRMS, 1994. Available from: http://water.epa.gov/scitech/methods/cwa/organics/dioxins/upload/2007_07_10_methods_method_dioxins_1613.pdf
  14. C. Li, M. Zheng, L. Gao, B. Zhang, L. Liu, K. Xiao, Levels and distribution of PCDD/Fs, dl-PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from the lower reaches of the Haihe River basin, China, Environ. Monit. Assess., 185 (2013) 1175–1187.
  15. NATO/CCMS, Pilot Study on International Information Exchange on Dioxins and Related Compounds, Scientific Basis for the Development of the International Toxicity Equivalent Factor (I-TEF) Method of Risk Assessment for Complex Mixtures of Dioxins and Related Compounds, Report No. 176, Buxelles, 1988, p. 56.
  16. M. Van den Berg, L.S. Birnbaum, M. Denison, M. de Vito, W. Farland, M. Feeley, H. Fiedler, H. Hakansson, A. Hanberg, L. Haws, M. Rose, S. Safe, D. Schrenk, C. Tohyama, A. Tritscher, J. Tuomisto, M. Tysklind, N. Walker, R.E. Peterson, The 2005 World Health Organization reevaluation of human and mammalian toxic equivalency factors for dioxins and dioxinlike compounds, Toxicol. Sci., 93 (2006) 223–241.
  17. R.L. Stringer, P. Costner, P.A. Johnston, PVC manufacture as a source of PCDD/Fs, Organohalogen Compd., 24 (1995) 119–123.
  18. E. Fattore, E. Benfenati, G. Mariani, R. Fanelli, Patterns and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments from the Venice Lagoon, Italy, Environ. Sci. Technol., 31 (1997) 1777–1784.
  19. P. Isosaari, T. Kohonen, H. Kiviranta, J. Tuomisto, T. Vartiainen, Assessment of levels, distribution and risks of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the vicinity of a vinyl chloride monomer production plant, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000) 2648–2689.
  20. M. Frignani, L.G. Bellucci, C. Carraro, M. Favotto, Accumulation of polychloro dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in sediments of the Venice Lagoon and the industrial area of Porto Marghera, Mar. Pollut. Bull., 42 (2001) 544–553.
  21. D.M. Wagrowski, R.A. Hites, Insights into the global distribution of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, Environ. Sci. Technol., 24 (2000) 2952–2958.
  22. H. Li, J. Feng, G. Sheng, S. Lu, J. Fu, P. Peng, R. Man, The PCDD/F and PBDD/F pollution in the ambient atmosphere of Shanghai, China, Chemosphere, 70 (2008) 576–583.
  23. R. Lohmann, K.C. Jones, Dioxins and furans in air and deposition: a review of levels, behaviour and processes, Sci. Total Environ., 219 (1998) 53–81.
  24. W.S. Lee, G.P. Chang-Chien, L.C. Wang, W.J. Lee, P.J. Tsai, K.Y. Wu, C. Lin, Source identification of PCDD/Fs for various atmospheric environments in a highly industrialized city, Environ. Sci. Technol., 38 (2004) 4937–4944.
  25. J.V. de Assuncao, C.R. Pesquero, R.E. Bruns, L.R.F. Carvalho, Dioxins and furans in the atmosphere of São Paulo City, Brazil, Chemosphere, 58 (2005) 1391–1398.
  26. L.H. Raun, O. Correa, H. Rifai, M. Suarez, L. Koenig, Statistical investigation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the ambient air of Houston, Texas, Chemosphere, 60 (2005) 973–989.
  27. L.P. Yu, B.X. Mai, X.Z. Meng, X.H. Bi, G.Y. Sheng, J.M. Fu, P.A. Peng, Particle-bound polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the atmosphere of Guangzhou, China, Atmos. Environ., 40 (2006) 96–108.
  28. C. Rappe, Sources of PCDDs and PCDFs, introduction, reaction, levels, patterns, profiles and trends, Chemosphere, 25 (1992) 41–44.
  29. C. Rapp, Sources of exposure, environmental concentrations and exposure assessment of PCDDs and PCDFs, Chemosphere, 27 (1993) 211–225.
  30. U. Sellström, A.L. Egeback, M.S. McLachlan, Identifying source regions for the atmospheric input of PCDD/Fs to the Baltic Sea, Atmos. Environ., 43 (2009) 1730–1736.
  31. J.I. Baker, R.A. Hites, Is combustion the major source of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans to the environment? A mass balance investigation, Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000) 2879–2886.
  32. H.J. Geyer, G.G. Rimkus, I. Scheunert, A. Kaune, K.W. Schramm, A. Kettrup, M. Zeeman, D.C.G. Muir, L.G. Hansen, D. Mackay, Bioaccumulation and Occurrence of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs), Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), and Other Organic Compounds in Fish and Other Organisms Including Humans, B. Beek, Ed., The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry Part Journal of Bioaccumulation, Vol. 2, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 2000, pp. 1–166.
  33. R.A. Hites, Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Great Lakes, Part N, Handbook in Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 5, Springer-Verlag, Berlin and Heidelberg, Germany, 2006, p. 430.
  34. E.H.G. Evers, R.W.P.M. Laane, G.J.J. Groeneveld, K. Olie, Levels, temporal trends and risk of dioxins and related compounds in the Dutch aquatic environment, Organohalogen Compd., 28 (1996) 117–122.