References

  1. J.A. Baig, T.G. Kazi, M.B. Arain, H.I. Afridi, G.A. Kandhro, R.A. Sarfraz, M.K. Jamal, A.Q. Shah, Evaluation of arsenic and other physico-chemical parameters of surface and ground water of Jamshoro, Pakistan, J. Hazard. Mater., 166 (2009) 662–669.
  2. S. Khan, R. Rauf, S. Muhammad, M. Qasim, I. Din, Arsenic and heavy metals health risk assessment through drinking water consumption in the Peshawar District, Pakistan, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 22 (2016) 581–596.
  3. W. Brack, V. Dulio, M. Ågerstrand, I. Allan, R. Altenburger, M. Brinkmann, D. Bunke, R.M. Burgess, I. Cousins, B.I. Escher, Towards the review of the European Union Water Framework Directive: Recommendations for more efficient assessment and management of chemical contamination in European surface water resources, Sci. Total Environ., 576 (2017) 720–737.
  4. M.A. Sabir, S. Muhammad, M. Umar, M. Farooq, Fardiullah, A. Naz, Water quality assessment for drinking and irrigation purposes in upper indus basin, northern Pakistan, Fresen Environ. Bull., 26 (2017) 4180–4186.
  5. M. Kumar, A. Ramanathan, R. Tripathi, S. Farswan, D. Kumar, P. Bhattacharya, A study of trace element contamination using multivariate statistical techniques and health risk assessment in groundwater of Chhaprola Industrial Area, Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India, Chemosphere, 166 (2017) 135–145.
  6. P. Patel, N.J. Raju, B.S.R. Reddy, U. Suresh, D. Sankar, T. Reddy, Heavy metal contamination in river water and sediments of the Swarnamukhi River Basin, India: risk assessment and environmental implications, Environ. Geochem. Health, 40 (2018) 609–623.
  7. T. Kazi, M. Arain, M.K. Jamali, N. Jalbani, H. Afridi, R. Sarfraz, J. Baig, A.Q. Shah, Assessment of water quality of polluted lake using multivariate statistical techniques: A case study, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 72 (2009) 301–309.
  8. H. Chappells, L. Parker, C.V. Fernandez, C. Conrad, J. Drage, G. O’Toole, N. Campbell, T.J. Dummer, Arsenic in private drinking water wells: an assessment of jurisdictional regulations and guidelines for risk remediation in North America, J. Water Health, 12 (2014) 372–392.
  9. S.P. Luby, M. Rahman, B.F. Arnold, L. Unicomb, S. Ashraf, P.J. Winch, C.P. Stewart, F. Begum, F. Hussain, J. Benjamin-Chung, Effects of water quality, sanitation, hand washing, and nutritional interventions on diarrhoea and child growth in rural Bangladesh: a cluster randomised controlled trial, Lancet Glob. Health, 6 (2018) 302–315.
  10. U. Rehman, S. Khan, S. Muhammad, Associations of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water and human biomarkers: a case study from five districts of Pakistan, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25 (2018) 27912–27923.
  11. U. Saddique, S. Muhammad, M. Tariq, H. Zhang, M. Arif, I.A.K. Jadoon, N.U. Khattak, Potentially toxic elements in soil of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province and Tribal areas, Pakistan: evaluation for human and ecological risk assessment, Environ. Geochem. Health, 40 (2018) 2177–2190.
  12. Z. Ullah, A. Naz, U. Saddique, A. Khan, W. Shah, S. Muhammad, Potentially toxic element concentrations and human health risk assessment of food crops in Bajaur Agency, Pakistan, Environ. Earth Sci., 76 (2017) 482.
  13. M. Ishtiaq, N. Jehan, S.A. Khan, S. Muhammad, U. Saddique, B. Iftikhar, Zahidullah, Potential harmful elements in coal dust and human health risk assessment near the mining areas in Cherat, Pakistan, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 25 (2018) 14666–14673.
  14. A. Riaz, S. Khan, S. Muhammad, C. Liu, M.T. Shah, M. Tariq, Mercury contamination in selected foodstuffs and potential health risk assessment along the artisanal gold mining, Gilgit-Baltistan, Pakistan, Environ. Geochem. Health, 40 (2018) 625–635.
  15. M. Moynihan, Role of Diet in Heavy Metal Exposure and Toxicity during Prenatal and Peripubertal Periods, 2016.
  16. S.A.K. Khan, H.K. Khan, M. Ishtiaq, U. Saddique, S. Muhammad, M. Farooq, Shallow water proved higher levels of potentially harmful elements and human health risk along the Sadkal oil exploration and production, Desal. Water Treat., 114 (2018) 146–154.
  17. M.U. Khan, R.N. Malik, S. Muhammad, Human health risk from heavy metal via food crops consumption with wastewater irrigation practices in Pakistan, Chemosphere, 93 (2013) 2230–2238.
  18. M. Rode, U. Suhr, Uncertainties in selected river water quality data, Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 11 (2007) 863–874.
  19. M.M. Rahman, M. Asaduzzaman, R. Naidu, Consumption of arsenic and other elements from vegetables and drinking water from an arsenic-contaminated area of Bangladesh, J. Hazard. Mater., 262 (2013) 1056–1063.
  20. T.J. Sorg, A.S. Chen, L. Wang, Arsenic species in drinking water wells in the USA with high arsenic concentrations, Water Res., 48 (2014) 156–169.
  21. S. Muhammad, M.T. Shah, S. Khan, Health risk assessment of heavy metals and their source apportionment in drinking water of Kohistan region, northern Pakistan, Microchem. J., 98 (2011) 334–343.
  22. M. Daud, M. Nafees, S. Ali, M. Rizwan, R.A. Bajwa, M.B. Shakoor, M.U. Arshad, S.A.S. Chatha, F. Deeba, W. Murad, Drinking water quality status and contamination in Pakistan, BioMed. Res. Int., 2017 (2017).
  23. R. Kausar, Z. Ahmad, Determination of toxic inorganic elements pollution in ground waters of Kahuta Industrial Triangle Islamabad, Pakistan using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, Environ. Monit. Assess., 157 (2009) 347.
  24. F. Iqbal, A. Muhammad, A. Salam, Y. Kohkar, Studies on relationship between season and inorganic elements of river Soan at Dhoak Pathan Bridge (Chakwal), Pakistan, Pakistan, J. Biol. Sci., 7 (2004) 93–95.
  25. A. Jalil, K. Khan, Preliminary appraisal of physio-chemical and bacteriological water contaminations in Rawalpindi/ Islamabad catchment of Soan river, Potwar plateau (Punjab), Pakistan, Punjab Univ. J. Zool., 27 (2012) 39–44.
  26. J. Iqbal, M.H. Shah, Water quality evaluation, health risk assessment and multivariate apportionment of selected elements from Simly Lake, Pakistan, Water Sci. Technol.: Water Supp., 12 (2012) 588–594.
  27. J. Iqbal, M.H. Shah, Health risk assessment of metals in surface water from freshwater source lakes, Pakistan, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 19 (2013) 1530–1543.
  28. S. Nazeer, M.Z. Hashmi, R.N. Malik, Heavy metals distribution, risk assessment and water quality characterization by water quality index of the River Soan, Pakistan, Ecol. Indic., 43 (2014) 262–270.
  29. A. Butt, R. Shabbir, S.S. Ahmad, N. Aziz, Land use change mapping and analysis using remote sensing and GIS: A case study of Simly watershed, Islamabad, Pakistan, Egypt J. Remote Sens. Space Sci., 18 (2015) 251–259.
  30. M.L. Srivastava, Environmental Chemistry. 81-88658-11-1. Shree Publisher and Distributor, New Delhi, 2004, pp. 119–120.
  31. S. Muhammad, M.T. Shah, S. Khan, Arsenic health risk assessment in drinking water and source apportionment using multivariate statistical techniques in Kohistan region, northern Pakistan, Food Chem. Toxicol., 48 (2010) 2855–2864.
  32. S.C. Nishanthiny, M. Thushyanthy, T. Barathithasan, S. Saravanan, Irrigation water quality based on hydro chemical analysis, Jaffna, Sri Lanka, American-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 7 (2010) 100–102.
  33. USEPA, US Enviornmental Protection Agency, Guidance for Performing Aggregate Exposure and Risk Assessments, Office of Pesticide Programs, Washington, DC., 1999.
  34. T.E. Tuormaa, Chromium, selenium and copper and other trace minerals in health and reproduction, J. Orthomol. Med., 15 (2000) 145–156.
  35. J. Fu, Q. Zhou, J. Liu, W. Liu, T. Wang, Q. Zhang, G. Jiang, High levels of heavy metals in rice (Oryzasativa L.) from a typical E-waste recycling area in southeast China and its potential risk to human health, Chemosphere, 71 (2008) 1269–1275.
  36. M. Ogwuegbu, W. Muhanga, Investigation of lead concentration in the blood of people in the Copper belt Province of Zambia, J. Environ., 1 (2005) 66–75.
  37. A. Åkesson, T. Lundh, M. Vahter, P. Bjellerup, J. Lidfeldt, C. Nerbrand, G. Samsioe, U. Strömberg, S. Skerfving, Tubular and glomerular kidney effects in Swedish women with low environmental cadmium exposure, Environ. Health Perspect., (2005) 1627–1631.
  38. S.K. Egan, P.M. Bolger, C.D. Carrington, Update of US FDA’s total diet study food list and diets, J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol., 17 (2007) 573–582.
  39. E. Avigliano, N.F. Schenone, A.V. Volpedo, W. Goessler, A.F. Cirelli, Heavy metals and trace elements in muscle of silverside (Odontesthes bonariensis) and water from different environments (Argentina): aquatic pollution and consumption effect approach, Sci. Total Environ., 506 (2015) 102–108.
  40. R. Merciai, H. Guasch, A. Kumar, S. Sabater, E. García-Berthou, Trace metal concentration and fish size: Variation among fish species in a Mediterranean river, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 107 (2014) 154–161.
  41. N. Gul, M. Shah, S. Khan, N. Khattak, S. Muhammad, Arsenic and heavy metals contamination, risk assessment and their source in drinking water of the Mardan district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, J. Water Health., 13 (2015) 1073–1084.
  42. NSWCC/IWQG-Pak, National surface water classification criteria and irrigation water quality guidelines for Pakistan Pub WWF-Pakistan. Ferozpur Road Lahore-54600, Pakistan, (2007).
  43. S. Nagarajah, V. Abeykoon, B. Emerson, S. Yogalingam, Water quality of some wells in Jaffna and Kilinochchi with special reference to nitrate pollution [Sri Lanka], Trop. Agric. (Sri Lanka), (1988).
  44. A. Azizullah, M.N.K. Khattak, P. Richter, D.-P. Häder, Water pollution in Pakistan and its impact on public health—a review, Environ. Int., 37 (2011) 479–497.
  45. S. Mehmood, A. Ahmad, A. Ahmed, N. Khalid, T. Javed, Drinking water quality in capital city of Pakistan, Sci. Rep., 2 (2013) 637.
  46. I. Perveen, M.A. Raza, S. Sehar, I. Naz, B. Young, S. Ahmed, Heavy metal contamination in water, soil, and milk of the industrial area adjacent to Swan River, Islamabad, Pakistan, Hum. Ecol. Risk Assess., 23 (2017) 1564–1572.