References
  -  K. Kümmerer, Treatise on Water Science, Elsevier, Oxford, 2011,
    pp. 69–88. 
 
  -  K. Ji, K. Choi, S. Lee, S. Park, J.S. Kim, E.H. Jo, K.H. Choi,
    X. Zhang, J.P. Giesy, Effects of sulfathiazole, oxytetracycline
    and chlortetracycline on steroidogenesis in the human
    adenocarcinomas (H295R) cell line and freshwater fish
    oryziaslatipes, J. Hazard. Mater., 182 (2010) 494–502. 
 
  -  S. Jobling, M. Nolan, C.R. Tyler, G. Brighty, J.P. Sumpter,
    Widespread sexual disruption in wild fish, Environ. Sci.
    Technol., 32 (1998) 2498–2506. 
 
  -  J.E. Hinck, V.S. Blazer, C.J. Schmitt, D.M. Papoulias, D.E. Tillitt,
    Widespread occurrence of intersex in black basses (Micropterus spp.) from US rivers, 1995–2004, Aquat. Toxicol., 95 (2009)
    60–70. 
 
  -  USEPA-United States Environmental Protection Agency,
    Contaminants of Emerging Concern Including Pharmaceuticals
    and Personal Care Products, 2015. 
 
  -  J. Marugan, D. Bru, C. Pablos, M. Catala, Comparative
    evaluation of acute toxicity by Vibrio fischeri and fern spore
    based bioassay in the follow-up of toxic chemicals degradation
    by photocatalysis, J. Hazard. Mater., 213 (2012) 117–122. 
 
  -  J.B. Ellis, Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs)
    in urban receiving waters, Environ. Pollut., 114 (2006) 184–189. 
 
  -  H. Sanderson, D.J. Johnson, T. Reitsma, C.R.A. Brain, J. Wilson,
    K.R. Solomon, Ranking and prioritization of environmental
    risks of pharmaceuticals in surface waters, Regul. Toxicol.
    Pharm., 39 (2004) 158–183. 
 
  -  K.E. Arnold, A.R. Brown, G.T. Ankley, J.P. Sumpter, Medicating
    the environment: assessing risks of pharmaceuticals to wildlife
    and ecosystems, Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. B, 369 (2014)
    1–11. 
 
  -  D.W. Kolpin, E.T. Furlong, M.T. Meyer, Pharmaceuticals,
    hormones and other organic wastewater contaminants in US
    Streams, 1999–2000: a national reconnaissance, Environ. Sci.
    Technol., 36 (2002) 1202–1211. 
 
  -  K. Lees, M. Fitzsimons, A. Tappin, J. Snape, S. Camber,
    Pharmaceuticals in soils of lower income countries:
    physicochemical fate and risks from wastewater irrigation,
    Environ. Int., 94 (2016) 712–723. 
 
  -  P.M. Palmer, L.R. Wilson, P.O. Keefe, R. Sheridan, T. King,
    S. Chen, Sources of pharmaceutical pollution in the New York
    City Watershed, Sci. Total Environ., 394 (2008) 90–102. 
 
  -  B.F. Silva, A. Jelic, R. Lopez-Serna, A.A. Mozeto, M. Petrovic,
    D. Barcelo, Occurrence and distribution of pharmaceuticals
    in surface water, suspended solids and sediments of the
    Ebro river basin, Spain, Chemosphere, 85 (2011) 1331–1339. 
 
  -  B. Loganathan, M. Phillips, H. Mowery, T.L. Jones-Lepp,
    Contamination profiles and mass balance macrolide antibiotics
    and illicit drugs from a small urban wastewater treatment
    plant, Chemosphere, 75 (2009) 70–77. 
 
  -  J. Osorio, A. Larranaga, J. Acena, S. Perez, D. Barcelo,
    Concentration and risk of pharmaceuticals in freshwater
    systems are related to the population density and the livestock
    units in Iberian Rivers, Sci. Total Environ., 540 (2016) 267–277. 
 
  -  J. Roberts, A. Kumar, J. Du, C. Hepplewhite, D.J. Ellis,
    A.G. Christy, S.G. Beavis, Pharmaceuticals and personal
    care products (PPCPs) in Australia is largest inland sewage
    treatment plant, and it contribution to a major Australian
    river during high and low flow, Sci. Total Environ., 541 (2016)
    1625–1637. 
 
  -  X. Miao, C.D. Metcalfe, Determination of carbamazepine
    and its metabolites in aqueous samples using liquid chromatography–
    electrospray tandem mass spectrometry, J. Chromatogr.
    A, (2009) 5807–5818. 
 
  -  I. Munoz, J.C. Lopez-Doval, M. Ricart, Bridging levels of
    pharmaceuticals in river water with biological community
    structure in the Llobreget river basin (northeast Spain), Environ.
    Toxicol. Chem., 28 (2009) 2706–2714. 
 
  -  D. Bendz, N.A. Paxeus, T.R. Ginn, F.J. Loge, Occurrence and fate
    of pharmaceutically active compounds in the environment, a
    case study: Höje River in Sweden, J. Hazard. Mater., 122 (2005)
    195–204. 
 
  -  J.L. Zhao, G.G. Ying, Y.S. Liu, F. Chen, J.F. Yang, L. Wang,
    Occurrence and risks of triclosan and triclocarbon in the
    Pearl River system, South China: from source to the receiving
    environment, J. Hazard. Mater., 179 (2010) 215–222. 
 
  -  M.G. Pintado-Herrera, E. Gonzalez-Mazo, P.A. Laro-Martin,
    Environmentally friendly analysis of emerging contaminants
    by pressurized hot water extraction-stir bar sorptive extractionderivatization
    and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,
    Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 405 (2013) 401–411. 
 
  -  D.P. Mohapatra, S.K. Brar, R.D. Tyagi, P. Picard, R.Y. Syrampalli,
    Carbamazepine in municipal wastewater and wastewater
    sludge: ultrafast quantification by laser diode thermal
    desorption-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization coupled
    with tandem mass spectrometry, Talanta, 99 (2012) 247–255. 
 
  -  J.C. Fisher, J.B. Belden, J.R. Bidwell, Can site-specific heuristic
    models predict the toxicity of produced water?, Chemosphere,
    80 (2010) 542–547. 
 
  -  D.T. Sponza, Toxicity studies in a chemical dye production
    industry in Turkey, J. Hazard. Mater. A, 138 (2006) 438–447. 
 
  -  G. Persoone, M.P. Gayuaerts, C.R. Janssen, W. de Coen,
    M. Vangheluwe, Cost-effective Acute Hazard Monitoring of
    Polluted Waters and Waste Drumps with the Aid of Toxkits,
    Final Report, CEC Contract ACE 89/BE 2/D3, Vabrap, University
    of Ghent, Belgium, 1993, 600 p. 
 
  -  M. Devare, M. Bahadir, Biological monitoring of landfill
    leachate using plants and luminescent bacteria, Chemosphere,
    28 (1994) 261–271. 
 
  -  M. Devare, M. Bahadir, Ecotoxicological assessment of
    inorganic waste disposal in salt mines. Part II: phytotoxicity
    tests, Fresenius Environ. Bull., 3 (1994) 119–126. 
 
  -  M.E. Aydin, M. Kolb, S. Tongur, Evaluation of Sustainable
    Toxicity Tests for Industrial Wastewaters, TUBITAK (The
    Scientific and Technical Research Council Center of Turkey)
    and JULICH (International Bureau of the German Ministry
    or Education and Research) Project, Project no. 104136, 2008. 
 
  -  OECD, Guidelines for Testing of Chemicals, Daphnia sp. Acute
    Immobilization Test, 2004, pp. 1–12. 
 
  -  Standard Operational Procedure Daphtoxkit FTM Magna,
    Crustacean Toxicity Screening Test for Freshwater, Nazareth,
    Belgium, 2006. 
 
  -  D. Gottlieb, The production and role of antibiotics in soil,
    J. Chromatogr. A, 1217 (1976) 4212–4222. 
 
  -  Determination of the Inhibitory Effect of Water Samples on the
    Light Emissions of Vibrio fischeri (Luminescent Bacteria Test),
    Part 2: Method Using Liquid-Dried Bacteria, EN ISO 11348-2,
    1998. 
 
  -  S. Tongur, S. Yıldız, Toxicological evaluation of carbamazepine
    active pharmaceutical ingredient with Lepidium sativum, Daphnia magna and Vibrio fischeri toxicity test methods, Desal.
    Water Treat., 201 (2020) 438–442. 
 
  -  M. Farre, I. Ferrer, A. Ginebreda, M. Figueras, L. Olivella,
    L. Tirapu, M. Vilanova, D. Barceló, Determination of
    drugs in surface water and wastewater samples by liquid
    chromatography–mass spectrometry: methods and preliminary
    results and including toxicity studies with Vibrio fischeri,
    J. Chromatogr. A, 938 (2001) 187–197. 
 
  -  C. Li, Y. Wang, A. Lin, Ecotoxicological effect and of ketamine:
    evidence of acute, chronic and photolysis toxicity to Daphnia
    magna, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 143 (2017) 173–179. 
 
  -  L. Santos, A.N. Araujo, A. Fachini, Ecotoxicological aspects
    related to the presence of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic
    environment, J. Hazard. Mater., 175 (2010) 45–95. 
 
  -  L. Grabarczyk, E. Mulkiewicz, S. Stolte, A. Puckowski,
    M. Pazda, P. Stepnowski, A. Bialk-Bielinska, Ecotoxicity
    screening evaluation of selected pharmaceuticals and their
    transformation products towards various organisms, Environ.
    Sci. Pollut. Res., 27 (2020) 26103–26114. 
 
  -  E. Alonso, D. Munoz, J. Martin, J.L. Santos, I. Aparicio,
    Occurrence, temporal evolution and risk assessment of
    pharmaceutically active compounds in Donana Park (Spain),
    J. Hazard. Mater., 183 (2010) 602–608. 
 
  -  B. Quinn, F. Gagne, C. Blaise, An investigation into the acute
    and chronic toxicity of eleven pharmaceuticals (and their
    solvents) found in wastewater effluent on the cnidarian,
    Hydra attenuata, Sci. Total Environ., 389 (2008) 306–314. 
 
  -  M. Cleuvers, Aquatic ecotoxicity of pharmaceuticals
    including the assessment of combination effects, Toxicol. Lett.,
    142 (2003) 185–195. 
 
  -  Y. Kim, K. Choi, J. Jung, S. Park, P.G. Kim, J. Park, Aquatic toxicity
    of acetaminophen, carbamazepine, cimetidine, diltiazem and
    six major sulfonamides, and their potential ecological risks
  in Korea, Environ. Int., 33 (2007) 370–375.