References
  -  J.W. Jin, Y.N. Li, J.Y. Zhang, S.C. Wu, Y.C. Cao, P. Liang, J. Zhang,
    M.H. Wong, M.Y. Wang, S.D. Shan, P. Christie, Influence of
    pyrolysis temperature on properties and environmental safety
    of heavy metals in biochars derived from municipal sewage
    sludge, J. Hazard. Mater., 320 (2016) 417–426. 
 
  -  L. Tang, J.F. Yu, Y. Pang, G.M. Zeng, Y.C. Deng, J.J. Wang,
    X.Y. Ren, S.J. Ye, B. Peng, H.P. Feng, Sustainable efficient
    adsorbent: Alkali-acid modified magnetic biochar derived
    from sewage sludge for aqueous organic contaminant removal,
    Chem. Eng. J., 336 (2017) 160–169. 
 
  -  H.L. Lu, W.H. Zhang, Y.X. Yang, X.F. Huang, S.Z. Wang,
    R.L. Qiu, Relative distribution of Pb2+ sorption mechanisms by
  sludge-derived biochar, Water Res., 46 (2012) 854–862. 
 
  -  M.K. Hossain, V. Strezov, K.Y. Chan, A. Ziolkowski, P.F. Nelson,
    Influence of pyrolysis temperature on production and
    nutrient properties of wastewater sludge biochar, J. Environ.
    Manage., 92 (2011) 223–228. 
 
  -  T. Chen, Y.X. Zhang, H.T. Wang, W.J. Lu, Z.Y. Zhou, Y.C. Zhang,
    L.L. Ren, Influence of pyrolysis temperature on characteristics
    and heavy metal adsorptive performance of biochar derived
    from municipal sewage sludge, Bioresour. Technol., 164 (2014)
    47–54. 
 
  -  A. Mendez, A. Gomez, J. Paz-Ferreiro, G. Gasco, Effects
    of sewage sludge biochar on plant metal availability after
    application to a Mediterranean soil, Chemosphere, 89 (2012)
    1354–1359. 
 
  -  J. Ifthikar, J. Wang, Q. Wang, T. Wang, H. Wang, A. Khan,
    A. Jawad, T. Sun, X. Jiao, Z. Chen, Highly efficient lead
    distribution by magnetic sewage sludge biochar: sorption
    mechanisms and bench applications, Bioresour. Technol.,
    238 (2017) 399–406. 
 
  -  A.A. Atia, A.M. Donia, W.A. Al-Amrani, Adsorption/desorption
    behavior of acid orange 10 on magnetic silica modified
    with amine groups, Chem. Eng. J., 150 (2009) 55–62. 
 
  -  W. Konicki, I.P. Ech, E. Mijowska, I. Jasińska, Adsorption of
    anionic dye Direct Red 23 onto magnetic multi-walled carbon
    nanotubes-Fe3C nanocomposite: kinetics, equilibrium and
  thermodynamics, Chem. Eng. J., 210 (2012) 87–95. 
 
  -  R. Kamaraj, A. Pandiarajan, S. Vasudevan, S. Vasudevan, Facial
    one-pot electrosynthesis of zinc hydroxide for the adsorption
    of hazardous 2-(2-methyl-4-chlorophenoxy) propionic acid
    (MCPP) from water and its modelling studies, J. Environ.
    Chem. Eng., 6 (2018) 2017–2026. 
 
  -  D.K. Mahmoud, M.A.M. Salleh, A.W.A.K. Wan, A. Idris,
    Z.Z. Abidin, Batch adsorption of basic dye using acid treated
    kenaf fibre char: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic
    studies, Chem. Eng. J., 181–182 (2012) 449–457. 
 
  -  B.H. Hameed, D.K. Mahmoud, A.L. Ahmad, Equilibrium
    modeling and kinetic studies on the adsorption of basic dye
    by a low-cost adsorbent: coconut (Cocos nucifera) bunch waste,
  J. Hazard. Mater., 158 (2008) 65–72. 
 
  -  Y.F. Feng, D.D. Dionysiou, Y.H. Wu, H. Zhou, L.H. Xue,
    S.Y. He, L.Z. Yang, Adsorption of dyestuff from aqueous
    solutions through oxalic acid-modified swede rape straw:
    adsorption process and disposal methodology of depleted
    bioadsorbents, Bioresour. Technol., 138 (2013) 191–197. 
 
  -  A. Kausar, M. Iqbal, A. Javed, K. Aftab, Z. Nazli, H.N. Bhatti,
    S. Nouren, Dyes adsorption using clay and modified clay:
    a review, J. Mol. Liq., 256 (2018) 395–407. 
 
  -  X.J. Tong, J.Y. Li, J.H. Yuan, R.K. Xu, Adsorption of Cu(II) by
    biochars generated from three crop straws, Chem. Eng. J.,
    172 (2011) 828–834. 
 
  -  W.S.W. Ngah, L.C. Teong, M.A.K.M. Hanafiah, Adsorption of
    dyes and heavy metal ions by chitosan composites: a review,
    Carbohydr. Polym., 83 (2011) 1446–1456. 
 
  -  P. Ganesan, R. Kamaraj, S. Vasudevan, Application of isotherm,
    kinetic and thermodynamic, models for the adsorption of
    nitrate ions on graphene from aqueous solution, J. Taiwan Inst.
    Chem. Eng., 44 (2013) 808–814. 
 
  -  R. Kamaraj, S. Vasudevan, Decontamination of selenate from
    aqueous solution by oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubed,
    Powder Technol., 274 (2015) 268–275. 
 
  -  A. Enders, K. Hanley, T. Whitman, S. Joseph, J. Lehmann,
    Characterization of biochars to evaluate recalcitrance and
    agronomic performance, Bioresour. Technol., 114 (2012)
    644–653. 
 
  -  A. Freddo, C. Cai, B.J. Reid, Environmental contextualisation of
    potential toxic elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
    in biochar, Environ. Pollut., 171 (2012) 18–24. 
 
  -  X.J. Zuo, Z.G. Liu, M.D. Chen, Effect of H2O2 concentrations
    on copper removal using the modified hydrothermal biochar,
  Bioresour. Technol., 207 (2016) 262–267. 
 
  -  G.X. Yang, H. Jiang, Amino modification of biochar for
    enhanced adsorption of copper ions from synthetic wastewater,
    Water Res., 48 (2014) 396–405. 
 
  -  F. Güzel, H. Sayğili, G.A. Sayğılı, F. Koyuncu, C. Yılmaz,
    Optimal oxidation with nitric acid of biochar derived from
    pyrolysis of weeds and its application in removal of hazardous
    dye Methylene blue from aqueous solution, J. Cleaner Prod.,
    144 (2017) 260–265. 
 
  -  B.L. Chen, Z.M. Chen, S.F. Lv, A novel magnetic biochar
    efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphate, Bioresour.
    Technol., 102 (2011) 716–723. 
 
  -  J. Jiang, R.K. Xu, T.Y. Jiang, Z. Li, Immobilization of Cu(II),
    Pb(II) and Cd(II) by the addition of rice straw derived biochar to
    a simulated polluted Ultisol, J. Hazard. Mater., 229–230 (2012)
    145–150. 
 
  -  N. Liu, A.B. Charrua, C.H. Weng, X.L. Yuan, F. Ding,
    Characterization of biochars derived from agriculture wastes
    and their adsorptive removal of atrazine from aqueous solution:
    a comparative study, Bioresour. Technol., 198 (2015) 55–62. 
 
  -  A. Navya, S. Nandhini, S. Sivamani, N. Sivarajasekar,
    A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, Preparation and characterization
    of cassava stem biochar for mixed reactive dyes removal from
    simulated effluent, Desal. Water Treat., 189 (2020) 440–451. 
 
  -  E. Kaçan, Optimum BET surface areas for activated carbon
    produced from textile sewage sludges and its application as dye
    removal, J. Environ. Manage., 166 (2015) 116–123. 
 
  -  A.F.M. Streit, L.N. Côrtes, S.P. Druzian, M. Godinho,
    G.C. Collazzo, D. Perondi, G.L. Dotto, Development of
    high quality activated carbon from biological sludge and its
    application for dyes removal from aqueous solutions, Sci. Total
    Environ., 660 (2019) 277–287. 
 
  -  W.S. Chen, Y.P. Guo, X. Mi, Y. Yu, G.T. Li, Enhanced adsorptive
    removal of methylene blue by low-temperature biochar
    derived from municipal, Desal. Water Treat., 188 (2020) 257–265. 
 
  -  T. Wang, Y.C. Chen, J.P. Li, Y.J. Xue, J.X. Liu, M. Mei, H.B. Hou,
    S. Chen, Co-pyrolysis behavior of sewage sludge and rice husk
    by TG-MS and residue analysis, J. Cleaner Prod., 250 (2020)
    119557. 
 
  -  S. Chen, C.X. Qin, T. Wang, F.Y. Chen, X.L. Li, H.B. Hou,
    M. Zhou, Study on the adsorption of dyestuffs with different
    properties by sludge-rice husk biochar: adsorption capacity,
    isotherm, kinetic, thermodynamics and mechanism, J. Mol. Liq.,
    285 (2019) 62–74. 
 
  -  R.S. Yuan, J.T. Zheng, R.B. Guan, Y.H. Liu, Immobilization
    of TiO2 on microporous activated carbon fibers and their
    photodegradation performance for phenol, New Carbon
  Mater., 20 (2005) 45–50. 
 
  -  A. Verganelaki, V. Kilikoglou, I. Karatasios, P. Maravelaki-Kalaitzaki, A biomimetic approach to strengthen and protect
    construction materials with a novel calcium-oxalate–silica
    nanocomposite, Construct. Build Mater., 62 (2014) 8–17. 
 
  -  H.R. Yuan, T. Lu, H.Y. Huang, D.D. Zhao, N. Kobayashi,
    Y. Chen, Influence of pyrolysis temperature on physical and
    chemical properties of biochar made from sewage sludge,
    J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis., 112 (2015) 284–289. 
 
  -  M.E. Mahmoud, G.M. Nabil, N.M. El-Mallah, H.I. Bassiouny,
    S. Kumar, T.M. Abdel-Fattah, Kinetics, isotherm, and
    thermodynamic studies of the adsorption of reactive red 195
    A dye from water by modified Switchgrass Biochar adsorbent,
    J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 37 (2016) 156–167. 
 
  -  T. Chen, Z.Y. Zhou, R. Han, R.H. Meng, H.T. Wang, W.J. Lu,
    Adsorption of cadmium by biochar derived from municipal
    sewage sludge: impact factors and adsorption mechanism,
    Chemosphere, 134 (2015) 286–293. 
 
  -  R.K. Xu, S.C. Xiao, J.H. Yuan, A.Z. Zhao, Adsorption of methyl
    violet from aqueous solutions by the biochars derived from
    crop residues, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (2011) 10293–10298. 
 
  -  Z.J. Fan, W. Kai, J. Yan, T. Wei, L.J. Zhi, J. Feng, Y.M. Ren,
    L.P. Song, F. Wei, Facile synthesis of graphene nanosheets via
    Fe reduction of exfoliated graphite oxide, ACS Nano, 5 (2011)
    191–198. 
 
  -  J.M. Simmons, B.M. Nichols, S.E. Baker, M.S. Marcus,
    O.M. Castellini, C.S. Lee, R.J. Hamers, M.A. Eriksson, Effect of
    ozone oxidation on single-walled carbon nanotubes, J. Phys.
    Chem. B, 110 (2006) 7113–7118. 
 
  -  W. Konicki, M. Aleksandrzak, D. Moszyński, E. Mijowska,
    Adsorption of anionic azo-dyes from aqueous solutions onto
    graphene oxide: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic
    studies, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 496 (2017) 188–200. 
 
  -  Y. Zhou, L. Zhang, Z.J. Cheng, Removal of organic pollutants
    from aqueous solution using agricultural wastes: a review,
    J. Mol. Liq., 212 (2015) 739–762. 
 
  -  H. Valdés, M. Sánchez-Polo, J. Rivera-Utrilla, C.A. Zaror, Effect
    of ozone treatment on surface properties of activated carbon,
    Langmuir, 18 (2002) 2111–2116. 
 
  -  J. Park, Y.S. Ok, S. Kim, J. Cho, J. Heo, R.D. Delaune, D. Seo,
    Competitive adsorption of heavy metals onto sesame straw
    biochar in aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 142 (2016) 77–83. 
 
  -  R. Kamaraj, A. Pandiarajan, S. Jayakiruba, M. Naushad,
    S. Vasudevan, Kinetics, thermodynamics and isotherm
    modeling for removal of nitrate from liquids by facile onepot
    emectrosynthesized nano zinc hydroxide, J. Mol. Liq.,
    215 (2016) 204–211. 
 
  -  S. Vasudevan, J. Lakshmi, G. Sozhan, Simultaneous removal
    of Co, Cu, and Cr from water by electrocoagulation, Toxicol.
    Environ. Chem., 94 (2012) 1930–1940. 
 
  -  G. Crini, P.M. Badot, Application of chitosan, a natural
    aminopolysaccharide, for dye removal from aqueous solutions
    by adsorption processes using batch studies: a review of recent
    literature, Prog. Polym. Sci., 33 (2008) 399–447. 
 
  -  L.H. Liu, Y. Lin, Y.Y. Liu, H. Zhu, Q. He, Removal of Methylene
    Blue from aqueous solutions by sewage sludge based granular
    activated carbon: adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and
    thermodynamics, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 58 (2013) 2248–2253. 
 
  -  M. Kousha, E. Daneshvar, M.S. Sohrabi, M. Jokar, A. Bhatnagar,
    Adsorption of acid orange II dye by raw and chemically
    modified brown macroalga Stoechospermum marginatum, Chem.
    Eng. J., 192 (2012) 67–76 
 
  -  S.S. Tahir, N. Rauf, Removal of a cationic dye from aqueous
    solutions by adsorption onto bentonite clay, Chemosphere,
    63 (2006) 1842–1848. 
 
  -  M. Arami, N.Y. Limaee, N.M. Mahmoodi, N.S. Tabrizi, Removal
    of dyes from colored textile wastewater by orange peel
    adsorbent: equilibrium and kinetic studies, J. Colloid Interface
    Sci., 288 (2005) 371–376. 
 
  -  S.S. Vieira, Z.M. Magriotis, N.A.V. Santos, M.D.G.A. Cardoso,
    A.A. Saczk, Macauba palm (Acrocomia aculeata) cake from
    biodiesel processing: an efficient and low cost substrate for the
    adsorption of dyes, Chem. Eng. J., 183 (2012) 152–161. 
 
  -  X.L. Han, X.N. Niu, X.J. Ma, Adsorption characteristics of
    methylene blue on poplar leaf in batch mode: equilibrium,
    kinetics and thermodynamics, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 29 (2012)
    494–502. 
 
  -  R. Kamaraj, S. Vasudevan, Facile one-pot synthesis of nano-zinc
    hydroxide by electro-dissolution of zinc as a sacrificial anode
    and the application for adsorption of Th4+, U4+, and Ce4+ from
    aqueous solution, Res. Chem. Interned., 42 (2016) 4077–4095. 
 
  -  M. Li, Q. Liu, L.J. Guo, Y.P. Zhang, Z.J. Lou, Y. Wang, G.R. Qian,
    Cu (II) removal from aqueous solution by Spartina alterniflora derived biochar, Bioresour. Technol., 141 (2013) 83–88. 
 
  -  J.P. Chen, S. Wu, K.H. Chong, Surface modification of a granular
    activated carbon by citric acid for enhancement of copper
    adsorption, Carbon, 41 (2003) 1979–1986. 
 
  -  E.C. Lima, A. Hosseini-Bandegharaei, J.C. Moreno-Piraján,
    I. Anastopoulos, A critical review of the estimation of the
    thermodynamic parameters on adsorption equilibria. Wrong
    use of equilibrium constant in the Van’t Hoof equation for
    calculation of thermodynamic parameters of adsorption, J. Mol.
  Liq., 273 (2019) 425–434.