References

  1. A. Gadgil, Drinking water in developing countries, Annu. Rev. Energy Environ., 23 (1998) 253–286.
  2. E. Delyannis, Historical background of desalination and renewable energies, Sol. Energy, 75 (2003) 358–366.
  3. P.J.K. Mbadinga, A Solar Water Purification System for Rural Areas, South Africa, MTech Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, Cape Town, 2015.
  4. L. Furter, Solar Distillation Solves Rural Water Problem: Consulting, Vol. 29, IMIESA, 2004, 59 p.
  5. A.E. Kabeel, S.A. El-Agouz, Review of researches and developments on solar stills, Desalination, 276 (2011) 1–12.
  6. K. Schwarzer, E.V. da Silva, B. Hoffschmidt, T.A. Schwarzer, A new solar desalination system with heat recovery for decentralized drinking water production, Desalination, 248 (2009) 204–211.
  7. J. Bundschuh, J. Hoinkis, Renewable Energy Applications for Freshwater Production, 2nd ed., CRC Press/Balkema, London, 2012, 6 p.
  8. F. Trieb, H. Muller-Steinhagen, Concentrating solar power for seawater desalination in the Middle East and North Africa, Desalination, 220 (2008) 165–183.
  9. A.L. Campoine, M. Gurreri, G. Ciafalo, A. Micale, T.A. Cipollina, Electrodialysis for water desalination: a critical assessment of recent developments on process fundamentals, models and applications, Desalination, 434 (2018) 121–160.
  10. M.A. Alkhadra, T. Gao, K.M. Conforti, H. Tian, M.Z. Bazant, Small-scale desalination of seawater by shock electrodialysis, Desalination, 476 (2020) 114219, doi: 10.1016/j.desal.2019.114219.
  11. B. Penate, L. Garcia-Rodriguez, Current trends and future prospects in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination technology, Desalination, 284 (2011) 1–8.
  12. M.A. Eltawil, Z. Zhengming, L. Yuan, A review of renewable energy technologies integrated with desalination system, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 13 (2009) 2245–2262.
  13. J.H. Rief, W. Alhalabi, Solar-powered desalination: its significant challenges and potential, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 48 (2015) 152–165.
  14. A.A. Badran, A.A. Al-Hallaq, I.A.E. Salman, M.Z. Odat, A solar still augmented with a flat plate collector, Desalination, 172 (2004) 227–234.
  15. A. Pugsley, A. Zacharopoulos, J.D. Mondol, M. Smyth, Global applicability of solar desalination, Renewable Energy, 88 (2015)200–219.
  16. M. Thirugnanasambandam, S. Iniyan, R. Goic, A review of solar thermal technologies, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 14 (2010) 312–322.
  17. E. Chafik, A new type of seawater desalination plants using solar energy, Desalination, 156 (2003) 333–348.
  18. B.A. Shaffi, S.J. Mamouri, M.M. Lotfi, H.J. Mosleh, A modified solar desalination system using evacuated tube collector, Desalination, 396 (2016) 30–38.
  19. S.W. Sharshir, G. Peng, N. Yang, M.A. Eltawil, M.K.A. Ali, A.E. Kabeel, A hybrid desalination system using humidificationdehumidification and solar still integrated with evacuated solar water heater, Energy Convers. Manage., 124 (2016) 287–296.
  20. Z.H. Liu, R.L. Hu, L. Lu, F. Zhao, H.S. Xiao, Thermal performance of an open thermosyphon using nano fluid for evacuated tubular high temperature air solar collector, Energy Convers. Manage., 73 (2013) 135–143.
  21. Z. Xu, L. Zhang, L. Zhao, B. Li, B. Bhatia, C. Wang, K.L. Wilke, Y. Song, O. Labban, J.H. Lienhard, R. Wang, E.N. Wang, Ultrahigh-efficiency desalination via a thermally-localized multistage solar still, Energy Environ. Sci., 13 (2020) 830–839.
  22. L. Garcia-Rodriguez, Seawater desalination driven by renewable energies: a review, Desalination, 143 (2002) 103–113.
  23. G. Xiao, X. Wang, M. Ni, F. Wang, W. Zhu, Z. Lou, K. Cen, A review on solar stills for brine desalination, Appl. Energy, 103 (2012) 642–652.
  24. E. El-Baily, S.M. Shalaby, A.E. Kabeel, A.M. Fathy, Cost analysis for several solar desalination systems, Desalination, 384 (2016) 12–30.
  25. S.W. Sharshir, G. Peng, L. Wu, N. Yang, F.A. Essa, A.H. Elsheikh, S.I.T. Mohamed, A.E. Kabeel, Enhancing the solar still performance using nanofluid and glass cover cooling: experimental study, Appl. Therm. Eng., 113 (2016) 684–693.
  26. E. Sartori, Solar still versus solar evaporation: a comparative study between their thermal behaviors, Sol. Energy, 56 (1996) 199–206.
  27. C. Li, Y. Goswami, E. Stefanakos, Solar assisted seawater desalination: a review, Renewable Sust. Energy Rev., 19 (2012) 136–163.
  28. R.A. Van Steenderen, Studies on the efficiency of solar desalination still for supplementing drinking water supplies is southwest Africa, Water SA, 3 (1977) 1–4.
  29. H.E.S. Fath, Solar distillation: a promising alternative for water provision with free energy, simple technology and clean environment, Desalination, 116 (1998) 45–56.
  30. H.N. Panchal, S. Patel, An extensive review on different design and climatic parameters to increase distillate output of a solar still, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 69 (2016) 750–758.
  31. Z.H. Liu, H.Y. Guan, G.S. Wang, Performance optimization study on an integrated solar desalination system with multistage evaporation/heat recovery processes, Energy, 76 (2014) 1001–1010.
  32. V. Sivakumar, E.G. Sundaram, Improvement techniques of solar still efficiency: a review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 28 (2013) 246–264.
  33. A. Soni, J.A. Stagner, D.S.K. Ting, Adaptable wind/solar powered hybrid system for household wastewater treatment, Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess., 24 (2017) 8–18.
  34. K.S. Reddy, K.R. Kumar, T.S. O’Donovan, T.K. Mallick, Performance analysis of an evacuated multi-stage solar desalination system, Desalination, 288 (2012) 80–92.
  35. O.O. Badran, H.A. Al-Tahaineh, The effect of coupling a flatplate collector on a solar still productivity, Desalination, 183 (2005) 137–142.
  36. E.C. Joubert, S. Hess, J.L. Van Niekerk, Large-scale solar water heating in South Africa: status, barriers and recommendations, Renewable Energy, 97 (2016) 809–822.
  37. H. Sharon, K.S. Reddy, A review of solar energy driven desalination technologies, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 41 (2014) 1080–1118.
  38. Z.M. Omara, A.E. Kabeel, A.S. Abdullah, A review of solar still performance with reflectors, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 68 (2016) 638–649.
  39. Y.A. Cengel, Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical Approach, 2nd ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, NY, USA, 2003, pp. 334–343.
  40. R.S. Adhikari, A. Kumar, G.D. Sootha, Simulation studies on a multi-stage stacked tray solar still, Sol. Energy, 54 (1995) 317–325.
  41. B.A. Jubran, M.I. Ahmed, A.F. Ismail, Y.A. Abakar, Numerical modelling of a multi-stage solar still, Energy Conserv. Manage., 41 (2000) 1107–1121.
  42. M.I. Ahmed, M. Hrairi, A.F. Ismail, On the characteristics of multistage evacuated solar distillation, Renewable Energy, 34 (2008) 1471–1478.
  43. M.I.M. Shatat, K. Mahkamov, Determination of rational design parameters of a multi-stage solar water desalination still using transient mathematical modelling, Renewable Energy, 35 (2009) 52–61.
  44. P. Singh, P. Singh, J. Singh, R.I. Singh, K. Kundu, Performance Evaluation of Low Inertia Multi-Stage Solar Still, Proceeding of the International Multi Conference of Engineers and Computers Scientists, Hong Kong, China, 2012.
  45. M.R.K. Estahbanati, M. Feilizadeh, K. Jafarpur, M. Feilizadeh, M.R. Rahimpour, Experimental investigation of a multi-effect active solar still: the effect of the number of stages, Appl. Energy, 137 (2014) 46–55.
  46. M. Feilizadeh, M.R.K. Estahbanati, A.S. Ardekani, S.M.E. Zakeri, K. Jafapur, Effects of amount and mode of input energy on the performance of a multi-stage solar still: an experimental study, Desalination, 375 (2015) 108–115.
  47. O. Bait, M. Si-Ameur, Numerical investigation of a multi-stage solar still under Batna climatic conditions: effect of radiation term on mass and heat energy balances, Energy, 98 (2016) 308–323.
  48. Z. Chen, J. Peng, G. Chen, L. Hou, T. Yu, Y. Yao, H. Zheng, Analysis of heat and mass transferring mechanism of multistage stacked-tray solar seawater desalination still and experimental research on its performance, Sol. Energy, 142 (2016) 278–287.
  49. A. Abdessemed, C. Bougriou, D. Guerraiche, R. Abachi, Effects of tray shape of a multi-stage solar still coupled to a parabolic concentrating solar collector in Algeria, Renewable Energy, 132 (2019) 1134–1140.
  50. J. Franco, L. Saravia, A new design for a passive atmospheric multistage still, Renewable Energy, 4 (1994) 119–122.
  51. K. Schwarzer, M.E. Vieira, F. Faber, C. Müller, Solar thermal desalination system with heat recovery, Desalination, 137 (2001) 23–29.
  52. P.K. Abdenacer, S. Nafila, Impact of temperature difference (water-solar collector) on solar-still global efficiency, Desalination, 209 (2007) 298–305.
  53. H.E.S. Fath, M. El-Samanoudy, K. Fahmy, A. Hassabou, Thermal-economic analysis and comparison between pyramidshape and single-slope solar still configurations, Desalination, 159 (2003) 69–79.
  54. R.S. Adhikari, A. Kumar, H.P. Garg, Techno-economic analysis of a multi-stage stacked tray (MSST) solar still, Desalination, 127 (2000) 19–26.
  55. Average Exchange Rate: March 2009 – September 2009 and Inflation Rates of GEF Donors. Available at: https://www. thegef.org/sites/default/files/council-meeting-documents/ GEF_R5_Inf15_Rev1_Average_Exchange_Rates_and_Inflation_ Rates_of_ GEF_Donors_5.pdf (accessed November 27, 2020).
  56. S. Han, B. Zhang, X. Sun, S. Han, M. HÖÖk, China’s energy transition in the power and transport sectors from a substitution perspective, Energy, 10 (2017) 1–25.
  57. M.M. Morad, H.A.M. El-Maghawry, K.I. Wasfy, A developed solar powered desalination system for enhancing freshwater productivity, Sol. Energy, 146 (2017) 20–29.