References

  1. M. Khayet, Membranes and theoretical modeling of membrane distillation: a review, Adv. Colloid Interface Sci., 164 (2011) 56–88.
  2. A. Alkhudhiri, N. Darwish, N. Hilal, Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review, Desalination, 287 (2012) 2–18.
  3. S. Al-Obaidani, E. Curcio, F. Macedonio, G.D. Profio, H. Al-Hinai, E. Drioli, Potential of membrane distillation in seawater desalination: thermal efficiency, sensitivity study and cost estimation, J. Membr. Sci., 323 (2008) 85–98.
  4. E. El-Zanati, K.M. El-Khatib, Integrated membrane-based desalination system, Desalination, 205 (2007) 15–25.
  5. K. Gethard, O. Sae-Khow, S. Mitra, Water desalination using carbon-nanotube-enhanced membrane distillation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 3 (2011) 110–114.
  6. K. Bélafi-Bakó, B. Koroknai, Enhanced water flux in fruit juice concentration: coupled operation of osmotic evaporation and membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 269 (2006) 187–193.
  7. X. Jia, E. Curcio, S.A. Obaidani, G.D. Profio, E. Fontananova, E. Drioli, Membrane distillation-crystallization of seawater reverse osmosis brines, Sep. Purif. Technol., 71 (2010) 76–82.
  8. Q. Ge, P. Wang, C. Wan, T.S. Chung, Polyelectrolyte-promoted forward osmosis-membrane distillation (FO-MD) hybrid process for dye wastewater treatment, Environ. Sci. Technol., 46 (2012) 6236–6243.
  9. G. Lewandowicz, W. Białas, B. Marczewski, D. Szymanowska, Application of membrane distillation for ethanol recovery during fuel ethanol production, J. Membr. Sci., 375 (2011) 212–219.
  10. M.S. El-Bourawi, Z.W. Ding, R.Y. Ma, M. Khayet, A framework for better understanding membrane distillation separation process, J. Membr. Sci., 285 (2006) 4–29.
  11. P. Wang, T.S. Chung, Recent advances in membrane distillation processes: membrane development, configuration design and application exploring, J. Membr. Sci., 474 (2015) 39–56.
  12. L. Lin, H. Geng, Y. An, P. Li, H. Chang, Preparation and properties of PVDF hollow fiber membrane for desalination using air gap membrane distillation, Desalination, 367 (2015) 145–153.
  13. C.Y. Kuo, H.N. Lin, H.A. Tsai, D.M. Wang, J.Y. Lai, Fabrication of a high hydrophobic PVDF membrane via nonsolvent induced phase separation, Desalination, 233 (2008) 40–47.
  14. D. Hou, J. Wang, X. Sun, Z. Ji, Z. Luan, Preparation and properties of PVDF composite hollow fiber membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 405–406 (2012) 185–200.
  15. H.G. Wang, S. Yuan, D.L. Ma, X.B. Zhang, J.M. Yan, Electrospun materials for lithium and sodium rechargeable batteries: from structure evolution to electrochemical performance, Energy Environ. Sci., 8 (2015) 1660–1681.
  16. L.D. Tijing, J.S. Choi, S. Lee, S.H. Kim, H.K. Shon, Recent progress of membrane distillation using electrospun nanofibrous membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 453 (2014) 435–462.
  17. J. Lee, C. Boo, W.H. Ryu, A.D. Taylor, M. Elimelech, Development of omniphobic desalination membranes using a charged electrospun nanofiber scaffold, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 8 (2016) 11154–11161.
  18. L. Lin, M. Danilczuk, S. Schlick, Electron spin resonance study of chemical reactions and crossover processes in a fuel cell: effect of membrane thickness, J. Power Sources, 233 (2013) 98–103.
  19. Y. Liao, R. Wang, M. Tian, C. Qiu, A.G. Fane, Fabrication of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes by electro-spinning for direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 425–426 (2013) 30–39.
  20. M. Essalhi, M. Khayet, Self-sustained webs of polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nano-fibers: effects of polymer concentration and desalination by direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 454 (2014) 133–143.
  21. J.A. Prince, G. Singh, D. Rana, T. Matsuura, V. Anbharasi, T.S. Shanmugasundaram, Preparation and characterization of highly hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride)-clay nanocomposite nanofiber membranes (PVDF-clay NNMs) for desalination using direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 397–398 (2012) 80–86.
  22. B.S. Lalia, E. Guillen-Burrieza, H.A. Arafat, R. Hashaikeh, Fabrication and characterization of polyvinylidenefluoride-cohexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) electrospun membranes for direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 428 (2013) 104–115.
  23. C. Feng, K.C. Khulbe, T. Matsuura, R. Gopal, S. Kaur, S. Ramakrishna, M. Khayet, Production of drinking water from saline water by air-gap membrane distillation using polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber membrane, J. Membr. Sci., 311 (2008) 1–6.
  24. C.I. Su, J.H. Shih, M.S. Huang, C.M. Wang, W.C. Shih, Y.S. Liu, A study of hydrophobic electrospun membrane applied in seawater desalination by membrane distillation, Fibers Polym., 13 (2012) 698–702.
  25. X. Li, C. Wang, Y. Yang, X. Wang, M. Zhu, B.S. Hsiao, Dualbiomimetic superhydrophobic electrospun polystyrene nanofibrous membranes for membrane distillation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6 (2014) 2431–2438.
  26. M. Essalhi, M. Khayet, Self-sustained webs of polyvinylidene fluoride electrospun nanofibers at different electrospinning times: 1. Desalination by direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 433 (2013) 167–179.
  27. M. Khayet, T. Matsuura, Preparation and characterization of polyvinylidene fluoride membranes for membrane distillation, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 40 (2001) 5710–5718.
  28. D. Hou, G. Dai, J. Wang, H. Fan, L. Zhang, Z. Luan, Preparation and characterization of PVDF/nonwoven fabric flat-sheet composite membranes for desalination through direct contact membrane distillation, Sep. Purif. Technol., 101 (2012) 1–10.
  29. T. Darmanin, F. Guittard, Recent advances in the potential applications of bioinspired superhydrophobic materials, J. Mater. Chem. A, 2 (2014) 16319–16359.
  30. K.Y. Law, Water-surface interactions and definitions for hydrophilicity, hydrophobicity and superhydrophobicity, Pure Appl. Chem., 87 (2015) 759–765.
  31. Y. Liao, C.H. Loh, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Electrospun superhydrophobic membranes with unique structures for membrane distillation, ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces, 6 (2014) 16035–16048.
  32. J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Heat transport and membrane distillation coefficients in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 212 (2003) 177–193.
  33. K. Smolders, A.C.M. Franken, Terminology for membrane distillation, Desalination, 72 (1989) 249–262.