References

  1. A. Abu Qdais Hani, Environmental Impacts of Desalination Plants on the Arabian Gulf, MAP San Diego Proc., Vol. 3, 1999, pp. 249–260.
  2. G.L.M. von Medeazza, “Direct” and socially-induced environmental impacts of desalination, Desalination, 185 (2005) 57–70.
  3. R. Einav, Checking todays brine discharges can help plan tomorrows plants, Desal. Water Reuse, 13 (2003) 16–20.
  4. Y. Fernandez-Torquemada, J.L. Sanchez-Lizaso, J.M. Gonzalez-Correa, Preliminary results of the monitoring of the brine discharge produced by the SWRO desalination plant of Alicante (SE Spain), Desalination, 182 (2005) 395–402.
  5. R. Einav, F. Lokiec, Environmental aspects of a desalination plant in Ashkelon, Desalination, 156 (2003) 73–80.
  6. A. Purnama, H.H. Al-Barwani, M. Al-Lawatia, Modeling dispersion of brine waste discharges from a coastal desalination plant, Desalination, 155 (2003) 41–47.
  7. United Nations Environment Programme-Mediterranean Action Plan MED POL, Sea Water Desalination in the Mediterranean: Assessment and Guidelines, MAP Technical Reports Series No. 139, UNEP/MAP, Athens, 2003.
  8. R. Einav, K. Harussi, D. Perry, The foot-print of the desalination processes on the environment, Desalination, 152 (2002) 141–154.
  9. M. Ahmed, W.H. Shayya, D. Hoey, A. Mahendran, R. Morris, J. Al-Handaly, Use of evaporation ponds for brine disposal in desalination plants, Desalination, 130 (2000) 155–168.
  10. World Health Organization (WHO), Desalination for Safe Water Supply – Guidance for the Health and Environmental Aspects Applicable to Desalination, 2007.
  11. M. Mickley, Membrane Concentrate Disposal: Practices and Regulation, Mickley and Associates, Sponsored by the US Department of Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, Agreement No. 98-FC-0054, 2006.
  12. EPRI-CEC, Modeling of Brine Disposal in Oceans, EPRI-CEC, St. Louis, 1994.
  13. E. Gacia, E. Ballesteros, El impacto de las plantas desalinizadoras sobre el medio marino: la salmuera en las comunidades bentonicas mediterraneas, Paper presented at the International Conference: El Plan Hidrologico Nacional y la Gestion Sostenible del Ahua, Aspectos medioambientales, reutilizacion y desalacion, Zaragoza, 2001.
  14. E. Gacia, O. Invers, M. Manzanera, E. Ballesteros, J. Romero, Impact of the brine from a desalination plant on a shallow seagrass (Posidonia oceanica) meadow, Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci., 72 (2007) 579–590.
  15. J.L. Buceta, E. Gaicai, J. Mas, J. Romero, J. Ruiz, A. Ruiz-Meteo, J.L. Sanchez-Lizaso, Estudio de los efectos de incrementos de salinidad sobre la fanerogama marina Posidonia oceanica y su ecosistema, con el fin de prever y minimizar los impactos que pudieran causar los vertidos de aguas de rechazo de plantas desaladoras, Ingenieria Civil, 2003, p. 132.
  16. T. Höpner, A procedure for environmental impact assessment (EIA) for seawater desalination plants, Desalination, 124 (1999) 1–12.
  17. European Environmental Agency, Late Lessons from Early Warnings: The Precautionary Principle 1896–2000, Environmental Issue Report No. 22, Copenhagen, Denmark, 2002.
  18. T. Bleninger, G.H. Jirka, Modelling and environmentally sound management of brine discharges from desalination plants, Desalination, 221 (2008) 585–597.
  19. P.J. Akar, G.H. Jirka, Buoyant spreading processes in pollutant transport and mixing. Part II: upstream spreading in weak ambient current, J. Hydraul. Res., 33 (1995) 87–100.
  20. T. Höpner, J. Windelberg, Elements of environmental impact studies on coastal desalination plants, Desalination, 108 (1996) 11–18.
  21. R.L. Doneker, J.D. Nash, G.H. Jirka, Pollutant transport and mixing zone simulation of sediment density currents, J. Hydraul. Eng. ASCE, 30 (2004) 349–359.
  22. A.G.I. Dalvi, N.M. Kither, G.M. Mustafa, I.A.R. Al-Tisan, A new approach to membrane and thermal seawater desalination processes using nanofiltration membranes, Desalination, 118 (1998) 35–51.