References

  1. M.A. Shannon, P.W. Bohn, M. Elimelech, J.G. Georgiadis, B.J. Marinas, A.M. Mayes, Science and technology for water purification in the coming decades, Nature, 452 (2008) 301–310.
  2. K.P. Lee, T.C. Arnot, D. Mattia, A review of reverse osmosis membrane materials for desalination—development to date and future potential, J. Membr. Sci., 370 (2011) 1–22.
  3. A. Matin, Z. Khan, S.M.J. Zaidi, M.C. Boyce, Biofouling in reverse osmosis membranes for seawater desalination: phenomena and prevention, Desalination, 281 (2011) 1–16.
  4. H.F. Ridgway, A. Kelly, C. Justice, B.H. Olson, Microbial fouling of reverse-osmosis membranes used in advanced wastewater treatment technology: chemical, bacteriological, and ultrastructural analyses, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 45 (1983) 1066–1084.
  5. K. Tasaka, T. Katsura, H. Iwahori, Y. Kamiyama, Analysis of RO elements operated at more than 80 plants in Japan, Desalination, 96 (1994) 259–272.
  6. J.S. Baker, L.Y. Dudley, Biofouling in membrane systems — a review, Desalination, 118 (1998) 81–90.
  7. V. Kochkodan, N. Hilal, A comprehensive review on surface modified polymer membranes for biofouling mitigation, Desalination, 356 (2015) 187–207.
  8. C.X. Liu, D.R. Zhang, Y. He, X.S. Zhao, R. Bai, Modification of membrane surface for anti-biofouling performance: effect of anti-adhesion and anti-bacteria approaches, J. Membr. Sci., 346 (2010) 121–130.
  9. B. Peñate, L. García-Rodríguez, Current trends and future prospects in the design of seawater reverse osmosis desalination technology, Desalination, 284 (2012) 1–8.
  10. E.C.d. Paula, M.C.S. Amaral, Extending the life-cycle of reverse osmosis membranes: a review, Waste Manage. Res., 35 (2017) 456–470.
  11. D. Kim, S. Jung, J. Sohn, H. Kim, S. Lee, Biocide application for controlling biofouling of SWRO membranes — an overview, Desalination, 238 (2009) 43–52.
  12. C.V. Vedavyasan, Pretreatment trends — an overview, Desalination, 203 (2007) 296–299.
  13. R. Komlenic, Rethinking the causes of membrane biofouling, Filtr. Sep., 47 (2010) 26–28.
  14. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, D.A. Graf von der Schulenburg, J.C. Kruithof, M.L. Johns, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Biofouling of spiral-wound nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes: a feed spacer problem, Water Res., 43 (2009) 583–594.
  15. P.A. Araújo, J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, The potential of standard and modified feed spacers for biofouling control, J. Membr. Sci., 403–404 (2012) 58–70.
  16. J. Baker, T. Stephenson, S. Dard, P. Côté, Characterisation of fouling of nanofiltration membranes used to treat surface waters, Environ. Technol., 16 (1995) 977–985.
  17. J.A.M. van Paassen, J.C. Kruithof, S.M. Bakker, F.S. Kegel, Integrated multi-objective membrane systems for surface water treatment: pre-treatment of nanofiltration by riverbank filtration and conventional ground water treatment, Desalination, 118 (1998) 239–248.
  18. T. Tran, B. Bolto, S. Gray, M. Hoang, E. Ostarcevic, An autopsy study of a fouled reverse osmosis membrane element used in a brackish water treatment plant, Water Res., 41 (2007) 3915–3923.
  19. A.K. Pabby, S.S.H. Rizvi, A.M.S. Requena, Handbook of Membrane Separations: Chemical, Pharmaceutical, Food, and Biotechnological Applications, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2015.
  20. A. Siddiqui, S. Lehmann, S.S. Bucs, M. Fresquet, L. Fel, E.I.E.C. Prest, J. Ogier, C. Schellenberg, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.C. Kruithof, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Predicting the impact of feed spacer modification on biofouling by hydraulic characterization and biofouling studies in membrane fouling simulators, Water Res., 110 (2017) 281–287.
  21. Z. Cao, D.E. Wiley, A.G. Fane, CFD simulations of net-type turbulence promoters in a narrow channel, J. Membr. Sci., 185 (2001) 157–176.
  22. A. Subramani, S. Kim, E.M.V. Hoek, Pressure, flow, and concentration profiles in open and spacer-filled membrane channels, J. Membr. Sci., 277 (2006) 7–17.
  23. M. Pontié, S. Ben Rejeb, J. Legrand, Anti-microbial approach onto cationic-exchange membranes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 101 (2012) 91–97.
  24. A. Ronen, S. Lerman, G.Z. Ramon, C.G. Dosoretz, Experimental characterization and numerical simulation of the anti-biofouling activity of nanosilver-modified feed spacers in membrane filtration, J. Membr. Sci., 475 (2015) 320–329.
  25. M.M.T. Khan, P.S. Stewart, D.J. Moll, W.E. Mickols, M.D. Burr, S.E. Nelson, A.K. Camper, Assessing biofouling on polyamide reverse osmosis (RO) membrane surfaces in a laboratory system, J. Membr. Sci., 349 (2010) 429–437.
  26. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, S.M. Bakker, M. Cauchard, R. Le Grand, M. Apacandié, M. Idrissi, S. Lagrave, L.P. Wessels, J.A.M. van Paassen, J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, The membrane fouling simulator: a suitable tool for prediction and characterisation of membrane fouling, Water Sci. Technol., 55 (2007) 197–205.
  27. C. Dreszer, H.C. Flemming, A.D. Wexler, A. Zwijnenburg, J.C. Kruithof, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Development and testing of a transparent membrane biofouling monitor, Desal. Wat. Treat., 52 (2014) 1807–1819.
  28. P.A. Araújo, D.J. Miller, P.B. Correia, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.C. Kruithof, B.D. Freeman, D.R. Paul, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Impact of feed spacer and membrane modification by hydrophilic, bactericidal and biocidal coating on biofouling control, Desalination, 295 (2012) 1–10.
  29. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, S.M. Bakker, L.P. Wessels, J.A.M. van Paassen, The membrane fouling simulator as a new tool for biofouling control of spiral-wound membranes, Desalination, 204 (2007) 170–174.
  30. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, J.A.M. van Paassen, L.P. Wessels, A.F. van Dam, S.M. Bakker, The membrane fouling simulator: a practical tool for fouling prediction and control, J. Membr. Sci., 281 (2006) 316–324.
  31. M. Kraume, D. Wedi, J. Schaller, V. Iversen, A. Drews, Fouling in MBR: what use are lab investigations for full scale operation?, Desalination, 236 (2009) 94–103.
  32. F. Li, W. Meindersma, A.B. de Haan, T. Reith, Optimization of commercial net spacers in spiral wound membrane modules, J. Membr. Sci., 208 (2002) 289–302.
  33. V.A. Haaksman, A. Siddiqui, C. Schellenberg, J. Kidwell, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, C. Picioreanu, Characterization of feed channel spacer performance using geometries obtained by X-ray computed tomography, J. Membr. Sci., 522 (2017) 124–139.
  34. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, S.A. Manolarakis, J.P. van der Hoek, J.A.M. van Paassen, W.G.J. van der Meer, J.M.C. van Agtmaal, H.D.M. Prummel, J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Quantitative biofouling diagnosis in full scale nanofiltration and reverse osmosis installations, Water Res., 42 (2008) 4856–4868.
  35. W.A.M. Hijnen, E.R. Cornelissen, D. van der Kooij, Threshold concentrations of biomass and iron for pressure drop increase in spiral-wound membrane elements, Water Res., 45 (2011) 1607–1616.
  36. A.C. Fonseca, R.S. Summers, A.R. Greenberg, M.T. Hernandez, Extra-cellular polysaccharides, soluble microbial products, and natural organic matter impact on nanofiltration membranes flux decline, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41 (2007) 2491–2497.
  37. J.S. Vrouwenvelder, C. Picioreanu, J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, Biofouling in spiral wound membrane systems: three-dimensional CFD model based evaluation of experimental data, J. Membr. Sci., 346 (2010) 71–85.
  38. A. Magic-Knezev, D. van der Kooij, Optimisation and significance of ATP analysis for measuring active biomass in granular activated carbon filters used in water treatment, Water Res., 38 (2004) 3971–3979.
  39. P.W.J.J. van der Wielen, D. van der Kooij, Effect of water composition, distance and season on the adenosine triphosphate concentration in unchlorinated drinking water in the Netherlands, Water Res., 44 (2010) 4860–4867.
  40. A. Drews, M. Vocks, U. Bracklow, V. Iversen, M. Kraume, Does fouling in MBRs depend on SMP?, Desalination, 231 (2008) 141–149.
  41. D.J. Miller, P.A. Araújo, P.B. Correia, M.M. Ramsey, J.C. Kruithof, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, B.D. Freeman, D.R. Paul, M. Whiteley, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Short-term adhesion and longterm biofouling testing of polydopamine and poly(ethylene glycol) surface modifications of membranes and feed spacers for biofouling control, Water Res., 46 (2012) 3737–3753.
  42. S.S. Bucs, R. Valladares Linares, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, J.C. Kruithof, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, Impact of organic nutrient load on biomass accumulation, feed channel pressure drop increase and permeate flux decline in membrane systems, Water Res., 67 (2014) 227–242.
  43. A.I. Radu, J.S. Vrouwenvelder, M.C.M. van Loosdrecht, C. Picioreanu, Modeling the effect of biofilm formation on reverse osmosis performance: flux, feed channel pressure drop and solute passage, J. Membr. Sci., 365 (2010) 1–15.
  44. A.C. Martiny, T.M. Jørgensen, H.-J. Albrechtsen, E. Arvin, S. Molin, Long-term succession of structure and diversity of a biofilm formed in a model drinking water distribution system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 69 (2003) 6899–6907.