References

  1. A. Koohestanian, M. Hosseini, Z. Abbasian, The Separation method for removing of colloidal particles from raw water, Amer.-Eurasian J. Agric. Environ. Sci., 4 (2008) 266–273.
  2. M. Dixon, C. Staaks, R. Fabris, V. Vimonses, C.W. Chow, S. Panglisch, J.A. van Leeuwen, M. Drikas, The impact of optimised coagulation on membrane fouling for coagulation/ultrafiltration process, Desal. Wat. Treat., 51 (2013) 2718–2725.
  3. C.D. Abel, R.C. Vortisch, J.P. Ntelya, S.K. Sharma, M.D. Kennedy, Effect of primary effluent coagulation on performance of laboratory-scale managed aquifer recharge system, Desal. Wat. Treat., 55 (2015) 1413–1421.
  4. K.S. Hashim, A. Shaw, R. Al Khaddar, M. Ortoneda Pedrola, D. Phipps, Defluoridation of drinking water using a new flow column-electrocoagulation reactor (FCER) - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach, J. Environ. Manage., 197 (2017) 80–88.
  5. K.S. Hashim, R.A. Khaddar, N. Jasim, A. Shaw, D. Phipps, P. Kota, M.O. Pedrola, A.W. Alattabi, M. Abdulredha, R. Alawsh, Electrocoagulation as a green technology for phosphate removal from River water, Separ. Purif. Technol., 210 (2018) 135–144.
  6. M.M. Emamjomeh, Electrocoagulation technology as a process for defluoridation in water treatment, PhD thesis, School of Civil, Mining and Environmental Engineering, University of Wollongong, Australia, 2006.
  7. K.S. Hashim, I. Adeola Idowu, N. Jasim, R. Al Khaddar, A. Shaw, D. Phipps, P. Kot, M. Ortoneda Pedrola, A.W. Alattabi, M. Abdulredha, R. Alwash, K.H. Teng, K.H. Joshi, M. Hashim Aljefery, Removal of phosphate from River water using a new baffle plates electrochemical reactor, MethodsX, 5 (2018) 1413–1418.
  8. A.W. Alattabi, C.B. Harris, R.M. Alkhaddar, K.S. Hashim, M. Ortoneda-Pedrola, D. Phipps, Improving sludge settleability by introducing an innovative, two-stage settling sequencing batch reactor, J. Water. Process. Eng., 20 (2017) 207–216.
  9. A.W. Alattabi, C. Harris, R. Alkhaddar, A. Alzeyadi, K. Hashim, Treatment of residential complexes’ wastewater using environmentally friendly technology, Procedia. Eng., 196 (2017) 792–799.
  10. K.S. Hashim, A. Shaw, R. Al Khaddar, M.O. Pedrola, D. Phipps, Energy efficient electrocoagulation using a new flow column reactor to remove nitrate from drinking water - Experimental, statistical, and economic approach, J Environ. Manage., 196 (2017) 224–233.
  11. S. Wang, Evaluation of potassium ferrate (VI) as an oxidant and coagulant for water treatment, PhD thesis, University of Surrey, Surrey, United Kingdom, 2003.
  12. K.S. Hashim, A. Shaw, R. Al Khaddar, M.O. Pedrola, D. Phipps, Iron removal, energy consumption and operating cost of electrocoagulation of drinking water using a new flow column reactor, J. Environ. Manage., 189 (2017) 98–108.
  13. C.-Y. Yin, Emerging usage of plant-based coagulants for water and wastewater treatment, Process. Biochem., 45 (2010) 1437–1444.
  14. M. Abdulredha, A. Rafid, D. Jordan, K. Hashim, The development of a waste management system in Kerbala during major pilgrimage events: determination of solid waste composition, Procedia. Eng., 196 (2017) 779–784.
  15. M. Abdulredha, R. Al Khaddar, D. Jordan, P. Kot, A. Abdulridha, K. Hashim, Estimating solid waste generation by hospitality industry during major festivals: a quantification model based on multiple regression, Waste. Manage., 77 (2018) 388–400.
  16. L.G. Torres, S.L. Carpinteyro-Urban, Use of Prosopis laevigata seed gum and Opuntia ficus-indica mucilage for the treatment of municipal wastewaters by coagulation-flocculation, Natural. Resour., 3 (2012) 35.
  17. L. Gomes, E.P. Troiani, G.R. Malpass, J. Nozaki, Opuntia ficus indica as a polyelectrolyte source for the treatment of tannery wastewater, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 10181–10187.
  18. Y.A.E.I. Nougbodé, C.P. Agbangnan, A.Y. Koudoro, C.A. Dèdjiho, M.P. Aïna, D. Mama, D.C.K. Sohounhloué, Evaluation of the Opuntia dillenii as natural coagulant in water clarification: case of treatment of highly turbid surface water, J. Water. Resour. Protect., 5 (2013) 1242.
  19. B. Mounir, Z. Abdeljalil, A. Abdellah, Comparison of the efficacy of two bioflocculants in water treatment, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol., 3 (2014) 734–737.
  20. N. Taa, M. Benyahya, M. Chaouch, Using a bio-flocculent in the process of coagulation flocculation for optimizing the chromium removal from the polluted water, J. Mater. Environ. Sci., 7 (2016) 1581–1588.
  21. S. Vishali, R. Karthikeyan, Cactus opuntia (ficus-indica): an ecofriendly alternative coagulant in the treatment of paint effluent, Desal. Wat. Treat., 56 (2015) 1489–1497.
  22. K.A. Young, The Mucilage of Opuntia Ficus Indica: a natural, sustainable, and viable water treatment technology for use in rural Mexico for reducing turbidity and arsenic contamination in drinking water, MSc thesis, College of Engineering, University of South Florida, USA, 2006.
  23. A.A. Al-Samawi, A.R. Hama, The use of okra as a coagulant and coagulant aids in the removal of heavy metals of solid waste leachates, Eng. Technol. J., 30 (2012) 3524–3535.
  24. R. Binayake, M. Jadhav, Applications of natural coagulants in water purification, Int. J. Adv. Technol. Civil. Eng., 2 (2013) 118–123.
  25. E. De Jesus, P.V. Cruz, J.A. Pacífico, A.S. Silva, Removal of turbidity, suspended solids and ions of Fe from aqueous solution using okra powder by coagulation-flocculation process, Am. J. Water. Resour., 1 (2013) 20–24.
  26. S.S. Thakur, S. Choubey, Assessment of coagulation efficiency of Moringa oleifera and Okra for treatment of turbid water, Archives. Appl. Sci. Res., 6 (2014) 24–30.
  27. Y.O. Raji, L. Abubakar, S.O. Giwa, A. Giwa, Assessment of coagulation efficiency of okra seed extract for surface water treatment, Int. J. Scient. Eng. Res., 6 (2015) 719–725.
  28. E. Shokralla, An investigation into natural coagulants, M.Sc. Thesis, Building and Construction Department, University of Technology, Iraq, 1995.
  29. B. Shilpaa, K. Akankshaa, P. Girish, Evaluation of cactus and hyacinth bean peels as natural coagulants, Int. J. Chem. Environ. Eng., 3 (2012) 1242–1246.
  30. N. Al-Saati, E. Hwaidi, S. Jassam, Comparing cactus (Opuntia spp.) and alum as coagulants for water treatment at Al-Mashroo Canal: a case study, Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 13 (2016) 2875–2882.
  31. M. Eddy, Wastewater Engineering-Treatment, Disposal, Reuse, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1979.
  32. T.J. McGhee, E.W. Steel, Water supply and sewerage, McGraw-Hill Inc., New York, 1991.
  33. S. Kawamura, Integrated design and operation of water treatment facilities, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York, 2000.
  34. R.M. Bethea, B.S. Duran, T.L. Boullion, Statistical methods for engineers and scientists, Marcel. Dekker. Inc., New York, 1995.
  35. J. Pallant, SPSS survival manual, McGraw-Hill Inc., Sydney, 2005.