References

  1. W. Muhlenberg, Fatal travel-associated Legionella infection caused by shower aerosols in a German hotel, Gesundheitswesen, 55 (1993) 653–656.
  2. S. Ishimatsu, H. Miyamoto, H. Hori, I. Tanaka, S.-i. Yoshida, Sampling and detection of Legionella pneumophila aerosols generated from an industrial cooling tower, Ann. Occup. Hyg., 45 (2001) 421–427.
  3. Y.S.E. Lin, J.E. Stout, V.L. Yu, R.D. Vidic, Disinfection of water distribution systems for Legionella, Semin. Respir. Infect., 13 (1998) 147–159.
  4. E. Leoni, P.P. Legnani, M.A.B. Sabattini, F. Righi, Prevalence of Legionella spp. in swimming pool environment, Water Res., 15 (2001) 3749–3753.
  5. I.R. Cooper, G.W. Hanlon, Resistance of Legionella pneumophila serotype 1 biofilms to chlorine-based disinfection, J. Hosp. Infect., 74 (2010) 152–159.
  6. T.A. Guillemet, B. Levesque, D. Gauvin, N. Brousseau, J.P. Giroux, P. Cantin, Assessment of real-time PCR for quantification of Legionella spp. in spa water, Lett. Appl. Microbiol., 51 (2010) 639–644.
  7. T.J. Rowbotham, Preliminary report on the pathogenicity of Legionella pneumophila for freshwater and soil amoeba, J. Clin. Pathol., 33 (1980) 1179–1183.
  8. G. Sanden, B.S. Fields, J.M. Barbaree, J.C. Feeley, Viability of Legionella pneumophila in chlorine free waters at elevated temperatures, Curr. Microbiol., 18 (1989) 61–65.
  9. T.M. Nguyen, D. Ilef, S. Jarraud, L. Rouil, C. Campese, D. Che, S. Haeghebaert, F. Ganiayre, F. Marcel, J. Etienne, J.C. Desenclos, A community-wide outbreak of Legionnaires Disease linked to industrial cooling towers – how far can contaminated aerosols spread?, J. Infect. Dis., 193 (2006) 102–111.
  10. H.Y. Buse, M.E. Schoen, N.J. Ashbolt, Legionellae in engineered systems and use of quantitative microbial risk assessment to predict exposure. Water Res., 46 (2012) 921–933.
  11. K. Fragou, P. Kokkinos, C. Gogos, Y. Alamanos, A. Vantarakis, Prevalence of Legionella spp. in water systems of hospitals and hotels in south western Greece, Int. J. Environ. Health Res., 22 (2012) 340–354.
  12. P. Borella, M.T. Montagna, V. Romano-Spica, S. Stampi, G. Stancanelli, M. Triassi, R. Neglia, I. Marchesi, G. Fantuzzi, D. Tatò, C. Napoli, G. Quaranta, P. Laurenti, E. Leoni, G. De Luca, C. Ossi, M. Moro, G.R. D’Alcalà, Legionella infection risk from domestic hot water, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 10 (2004) 457–464.
  13. W. Mathys, J. Stanke, M. Harmuth, E. Junge-Mathys, Occurrence of Legionella in hot water systems of single-family residences in suburbs of two German cities with special reference to solar and district heating, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 211 (2008) 179–185.
  14. S. Völker, T. Kistemann, Field testing hot water temperature reduction as an energy-saving measure – does the Legionella presence change in a clinic’s plumbing system?, Environ. Technol., 36 (2015) 2138–2147.
  15. B. Flannery, L.B. Gelling, D.J. Vugia, J.M. Weintraub, J.J. Salerno, M.J. Conroy, V.A. Stevens, C.E. Rose, M.R. Moore, B.S. Fields, R.E. Besser, Reducing Legionella colonization in water systems with monochloramine, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 12 (2006) 588–596.
  16. S. Völker, C. Schreiber, T. Kistemann, Drinking water quality in household supply infrastructure—a survey of the current situation in Germany, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 213 (2010) 204–209.
  17. S. Völker, C. Schreiber, T. Kistemann, Modelling characteristics to predict Legionella contamination risk – surveillance of drinking water plumbing systems and identification of risk areas, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 219 (2016) 101–109.
  18. H.-C. Flemming, B. Bendinger, M. Exner, J. Gebel, T. Kistemann, G. Schaule, U. Szewzyk, J. Wingender, The Last Meters Before the Tap: Where Drinking Water Quality is at Risk, D. van der Kooij, P.W.J.J. van der Wielen, Eds., Microbial Growth in Drinking-Water Supplies Problems, Causes, Prevention and Research Needs, IWA Publishing, London, 2014, pp. 207–238.
  19. A. Parr, E.A. Whitney, R.L. Berkelman, Legionellosis on the rise: a review of guidelines for prevention in the United States, J. Public Health Manage. Pract., 21 (2015) 17–26.
  20. B.R. Kim, J.E. Anderson, S.A. Mueller, W.A. Gaines, A.M. Kendall, Literature review—efficacy of various disinfectants against Legionella in water system, Water Res., 36 (2000) 4433–4444.
  21. M. Triassi, A. Di Popolo, G. Ribera D’Alcalà, Z. Albanese, S. Cuccurullo, S. Montegrosso, M. Crispino, P. Borella, R. Zarrilli, Clinical and environmental distribution of Legionella pneumophila in a university hospital in Italy: efficacy of ultraviolet disinfection, J. Hosp. Infect., 62 (2006) 494–501.
  22. L. Franzin, D. Cabodi, C. Fantino, Evaluation of the efficacy of ultraviolet irradiation for disinfection of hospital water contaminated by Legionella, J. Hosp. Infect., 51 (2002) 269–274.
  23. D.S. Blanc, P. Carrara, G. Zanetti, P. Francioli, Water disinfection with ozone, copper and silver ions, and temperature increase to control Legionella: seven years of experience in a university teaching hospital, J. Hosp. Infect., 60 (2005) 69–72.
  24. M.I. Kerwick, S.M. Reddy, A.H.L. Chamberlain, D.M. Holt, Electrochemical disinfection, an environmentally acceptable method of drinking water disinfection? Electrochim. Acta, 50 (2005) 5270–5277.
  25. C. Bodet, T. Sahr, M. Dupuy, C. Buchrieser, Y. Héchard, Legionella pneumophila transcriptional response to chlorine treatment, Water Res., 46 (2012) 808–816.
  26. A. Biurrun, L. Caballero, C. Pelaz, E. Leon, A. Gago, Treatment of a Legionella pneumophila-colonized water distribution system using copper–silver ionization and continuous chlorination, Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol., 20 (1999) 426–428.
  27. J. Kusnetsov, E. Iivanainen, N. Elomaa, O. Zacheus, P.J. Martikainen, Copper and silver ions more effective against Legionella than against mycobacteria in a hospital warm water system, Water Res, 35 (2001) 217–225.
  28. K. Yamagiwa, H. Shimizu, K. Takahashi, M. Yoshida, A. Ohkawa, Disinfection kinetics of Legionella pneumophila by hydrogen peroxide, J. Chem. Eng. Jpn., 34 (2001) 1074–1077.
  29. S. Amara, T. Baghdadli, S. Knapp, B. Nordell, Legionella disinfection by solar concentrator system, Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., 70 (2017) 786–792.
  30. C. Moreno, I. De Blas, F. Miralles, D. Apraiz, V. Catalan, A simple method for the eradication of Legionella pneumophila from potable water systems, Can. J. Microbiol., 43 (1997) 189–196.
  31. S. Miuetzner, R.C. Schwille, A. Farley, E.R. Wald, J.H. Ge, S.J. States, T. Libert, R.M. Wadowsky, Efficacy of thermal treatment and copper-silver ionization for controlling Legionella pneumophila in high-volume hot water plumbing systems in hospitals, Am. J. Infect. Control, 25 (1997) 452–457.
  32. M. Miyamoto, Y. Yamaguchi, M. Sasatsu, Disinfectant effects of hot water, ultraviolet light, silver ions and chlorine on strains of Legionella and nontuberculous mycobacteria, Microbios, 101 (2000) 7–13.
  33. M.K. Ramseier, U. von Gunten, P. Freihofer, F. Hammes, Kinetics of membrane damage to high (HNA) and low (LNA) nucleic acid bacterial clusters in drinking water by ozone, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, monochloramine, ferrate(VI), and permanganate, Water Res., 45 (2011) 1490–1500.
  34. R. Rice, Applications of ozone for industrial wastewater treatment, Ozone Sci. Eng., 18 (1996) 477–515.
  35. D.B.M. Scott, E.C. Lesher, Effects of ozone on survival and permeability of Escherichia coli, J. Bacteriol., 85 (1963) 567–576.
  36. E.-S. Lee, M.-H. Lee, B.-S. Kim, Evaluation of propidium monoazide-quantitative PCR to detect viable Mycobacterium fortuitum after chlorine, ozone, and ultraviolet disinfection, Int. J. Food Microbiol., 210 (2015) 143–148.
  37. Y.-s. Chen, Y.-c. Liu, S.s.-j. Lee, H.-c. Tsai, S.-r. Wann, C.-h. Kao, C.-l. Chang, W.-k. Huang, T.-s. Huang, H.-l. Chao, C.-h. Li, C.-m. Ke, Y.-s. Lin, Abbreviated duration of superheat-and-flush and disinfection of taps for Legionella disinfection: lessons learned from failure, Am. J. Infect. Control, 33 (2005) 606–610.
  38. M. Saidan, K. Rawajfeh, S. Nasrallah, S. Meric, A. Mashal, Evaluation of factors affecting bulk chlorine decay kinetics for the Zai water supply system in Jordan: case study, Environ. Prot. Eng., 43 (2017) 223–231.
  39. M. Saidan, K. Rawajfeh, M. Fayyad, Investigation of factors affecting THMs formation in drinking water, Am. J. Environ. Eng., 3 (2013) 207–212.
  40. M. Saidan, K. Rawajfeh, M. Fayyad, Determination of trihalomethanes levels in a selected area of Amman’s drinking water distribution system: case study, Desal. Wat. Treat., 54 (2015) 642–653.
  41. M.N. Saidan, S. Meric, K. Rawajfeh, R.A. Al-Weshah, S.F. Al-Zu’bi, Effect of bromide and other factors on brominated trihalomethanes formation in treated water supply in Jordan, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 15304–15313.
  42. J. Rogers, A.B. Dowsett, P.J. Dennis, J.V. Lee, C.W. Keevil, Influence of temperature and plumbing material selection on biofilm formation and growth of Legionella pneumophila in a model potable water system containing complex microbial flora, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 60 (1994) 1585–1592.
  43. R.M. Donlan, T. Forster, R. Murga, E. Brown, C. Lucas, J. Carpenter, B. Fields, Legionella pneumophila associated with the protozoan Hartmannella vermiformis in a model multi-species biofilm has reduced susceptibility to disinfectants, Biofouling, 21 (2005) 1–7.
  44. M.N. Saidan, R.A. Al-Weshah, I. Obada, Potential rainwater harvesting: adaptation measure for urban areas in Jordan, J. AWWA, 107 (2015) 594–602.
  45. R. Al-Weshah, M. Saidan, A. Al-Omari, Environmental ethics as a tool for sustainable water resource management, J. AWWA, 108 (2016) 175–181.
  46. M.N. Saidan, H. Al-Yazjeen, A. Abdalla, H.J. Khasawneh, H. Al-Naimat, N. Al Alami, M. Adawy, M.S. Jaber, N. Sowan, Assessment of on-site treatment process of institutional building’s wastewater, Processes, 6 (2018) 26.
  47. G. Jabr, M. Saidan, N. Al-Hmoud, Phosphorus recovery by struvite formation from Al Samra municipal wastewater treatment plant in Jordan, Desal. Wat. Treat., 146 (2019) 315–325.
  48. H. Aboelnga, M. Saidan, R. Al-Weshah, M. Sturm, L. Ribbe, F.-B. Frechen, Component analysis for optimal leakage management in Madaba, Jordan, J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA, 67 (2018) 384–396.
  49. M. Al-Addous, M.N. Saidan, M. Bdour, M. Alnaief, Evaluation of biogas production from the co-digestion of municipal food waste and wastewater sludge at refugee camps using an automated methane potential test system, Energies, 12 (2019) 1–11.
  50. E.W. Rice, R.B. Baird, A.D. Eaton, L.S. Clesceri, Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd ed., American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C., USA, American water Work Association, Denver, CO, USA, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA, USA, 2012.
  51. American Public Health Association (APHA), American Water Works Association (AWWA), Water Environment Federation (WEF), Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 22nd ed., American Water Work Association, Denver, CO, USA, Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA, USA, 2012.
  52. P. Muraca, J.E. Stout, V.L. Yu, Comparative assessment of chlorine, heat, ozone, and UV light for killing Legionella pneumophila within a model plumbing system, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 53 (1987) 447–453.
  53. M. Alary, J.R. Joly, Risk factors for contamination of domestic hot water systems by legionellae, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 57 (1991) 2360–2367.
  54. J.O. Falkinham, E.D. Hilborn, M.J. Arduino, A. Pruden, M.A. Edwards, Epidemiology and ecology of opportunistic premise plumbing pathogens: Legionella pneumophila, Mycobacterium avium, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Environ. Health Perspect., 123 (2015) 749–758.
  55. A. Baggiani, B. Casini, M. Totaro, F. Aquino, P. Valentini, B. Bruni, A. Porretta, F. Casalini, M. Miccoli, G. Privitera, Colonization by Legionella spp. of water networks in residential buildings of the Province of Pisa, Italy, Ann. Ig., 27 (2015) 718–725.
  56. P. De Filippis, C. Mozzetti, A. Messina, GL. D'Alò, Prevalence of Legionella in retirement homes and group homes water distribution systems, Sci. Total Environ., 643 (2018) 715–724.