References

  1. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, OECD Environmental Outlook to 2050: The Consequences of Inaction, Paris, 2012.
  2. G. Amy, N. Ghaffour, Z.Y. Li, L. Francis, R.V. Linares, T. Missimer, S. Lattemann, Membrane-based seawater desalination: present and future prospects, Desalination, 401 (2017) 16–21.
  3. Y. Xue, X.Z. Du, Z.H. Ge, L.J. Yang, Study on multi-effect distillation of seawater with low-grade heat utilization of thermal power generating unit, Appl. Therm. Eng., 141 (2018) 589–599.
  4. C. Frantz, B. Seifert, Thermal analysis of a multi effect distillation plant powered by a solar tower plant, Energy Procedia, 69 (2015) 1928–1937.
  5. D. Brogioli, F. La Mantia, Y.Y. Yip, Thermodynamic analysis and energy efficiency of thermal desalination processes, Desalination, 428 (2018) 29–39.
  6. I.S. Al-Mutaz, I. Wazeer, Comparative performance evaluation of conventional multi-effect evaporation desalination processes, Appl. Therm. Eng., 73 (2014) 1194–1203.
  7. H.T. El-Dessouky, H.M. Ettouney, Multiple-effect evaporation desalination systems. thermal analysis, Desalination, 125 (1999) 259–276.
  8. P. Druetta, P. Aguirre, S. Mussati, Optimization of multi-effect evaporation desalination plants, Desalination, 311 (2013) 1–15.
  9. P. Fiorini, E. Sciubba, Modular simulation and thermoeconomic analysis of a multi-effect distillation desalination plant, Energy, 32 (2007) 459–466.
  10. M. Sagharichiha, A. Jafarian, M. Asgari, R. Kouhikamali, Simulation of a forward feed multiple effect desalination plant with vertical tube evaporators, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 75 (2014) 110–118.
  11. K.J. Gabriel, P. Linke, M.M. El-Halwagi, Optimization of multi-effect distillation process using a linear enthalpy model, Desalination, 365 (2015) 261–276.
  12. A. Ophir, F. Lokiec, Advanced MED process for most economical sea water desalination, Desalination, 182 (2005) 187–198.
  13. Y.Q. Wang, N. Lior, Thermoeconomic analysis of a low-temperature multi-effect thermal desalination system coupled with an absorption heat pump, Energy, 36 (2011) 3878–3887.
  14. B.B. Saha, I.I. El-Sharkawy, M.W. Shahzad, K. Thu, L. Ang, K.C. Ng, Fundamental and application aspects of adsorption cooling and desalination, Appl. Therm. Eng., 97 (2016) 68–76.
  15. A. Chorak, P. Palenzuela, D.-C. Alarcón-Padilla, A. Ben Abdellah, Experimental characterization of a multi-effect distillation system coupled to a flat plate solar collector field: empirical correlations, Appl. Therm. Eng., 120 (2017) 298–313.
  16. M.M. Morad, H.A.M. El-Maghawry, K.I. Wasfy, A developed solar-powered desalination system for enhancing fresh water productivity, Sol. Energy, 146 (2017) 20–29.
  17. K.M. Bataineh, Multi-effect desalination plant combined with thermal compressor driven by steam generated by solar energy, Desalination, 385 (2016) 39–52.
  18. M.A. Alghoul, P. Poovanaesvaran, M.H. Mohammed, A.M. Fadhil, A.F. Muftah, M.M. Alkilani, K. Sopian, Design and experimental performance of brackish water reverse osmosis desalination unit powered by 2 kW photovoltaic system, Renewable Energy, 93 (2016) 101–114.
  19. E. Chiavazzo, M. Morciano, F. Viglino, M. Fasano, P. Asinari, Passive solar high-yield seawater desalination by modular and low-cost distillation, Nat. Sustainability, 1 (2018) 763–772.
  20. M.M. Elewa, A.A. El-Shafei, A.A. Moneer, M.M. Naim, Effect of cell hydrodynamics in desalination of saline water by sweeping air pervaporation technique using innovated membrane, Desal. Wat. Treat., 57 (2016) 23293–23307.
  21. V.G. Gude, Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Desalination Handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, Elsevier, Oxford, United Kingdom, 2018.
  22. S.-S. Hsieh, R.-Y. Lee, J.-C. Shyu, S.-W. Chen, Thermal performance of flat vapor chamber heat spreader, Energy Convers. Manage., 49 (2008) 1774–1784.
  23. K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, J.H. Lienhard V, Thermophysical properties of seawater: a review and new correlations that include pressure dependence, Desalination, 390 (2016) 1–24.
  24. A. Faghri, Y. Zhang, Transport Phenomena in Multiphase Systems, Academic Press, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherland, 2006.
  25. T.L. Bergman, A.S. Lavine, F.P. Incropera, D.P. DeWitt, Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 7th ed., Wiley, Hoboken, 2011.
  26. K.R. Chun, R.A. Seban, Heat transfer to evaporating liquid films, J. Heat Transfer, 93 (1971) 391–396.
  27. K. Stephan, Heat Transfer in Condensation and Boiling, Springer-Verlag, 1992.
  28. W.M. Rohsenow, Heat transfer and temperature distribution in laminar film condensation, J. Heat Transfer, 78 (1956) 1645–1648.
  29. Air Solubility in Water, The Engineering ToolBox, 2004. Available at: https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/airsolubility-water-d_639.html.
  30. M.H. Sharqawy, J.H. Lienhard V, S.M. Zubair, Thermophysical properties of seawater: a review of existing correlations and data, Desal. Wat. Treat., 16 (2010) 354–380.
  31. K.H. Mistry, R.K. McGovern, G.P. Thiel, E.K. Summers, S.M. Zubair, J.H. Lienhard V, Entropy generation analysis of desalination technologies, Entropy, 13 (2011) 1829–1864.
  32. A. Piacentino, Application of advanced thermodynamics, thermoeconomics and exergy costing to a multiple effect distillation plant: in-depth analysis of cost formation process, Desalination, 371 (2015) 88–103.
  33. K.H. Mistry, J.H. Lienhard V, Generalized least energy of separation for desalination and other chemical separation processes, Entropy, 15 (2013) 2046–2080.
  34. A. Bejan, Advanced Engineering Thermodynamics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, USA, 2006.
  35. Thermodynamics, Exergy, and Energy Efficiency in Desalination Systems, H.A. Arafat, Ed., Desalination Sustainability: A Technical, Socioeconomic, and Environmental Approach, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2017.
  36. K.H. Mistry, J.H. Lienhard V, Effect of nonideal solution behavior on desalination of a sodium chloride solution and comparison to seawater, J. Energy Res. Technol., 135 (2013) 042003.
  37. H.T. El-Dessouky, H.M. Ettouney, Fundamentals of Salt Water Desalination, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2002.
  38. K.H. Mistry, M.A. Antar, J.H. Lienhard V, An improved model for multiple effect distillation, Desal. Wat. Treat., 51 (2013) 807–821.