References

1. J. Fawell, K. Bailey, J. Chilton, E. Dahi, L. Fewtrell, Y. Magara, Fluoride in Drinking-water, WHO, IWA Publishing, 2006.
2. V. Singh, R. Narain, C. Prakash, Fluoride in irrigation waters of Agra District, Uttar Pradesh, Water Res., 21 (1987) 889–890.
3. S. Datta, D.L. Deb, S.K. Tyagi, Stable isotope (180) investigations on the processes controlling fluoride contamination of groundwater, J. Contam. Hydrol., 24 (1996) 85–96.
4. W.B. Apambire, D.R. Boyle, F.A. Michel, Geochemistry, genesis, and health implications of fluoriferous groundwaters in the upper regions of Ghana, Environ. Geol., 33 (1997) 13–24.
5. A. Queste, M. Lacombe, W. Hellmeier, F. Hillermann, B. Bortulussi, M. Kaup, K. Ott, W. Mathys, High concentrations of fluoride and boron in drinking water wells in the Muenster Region – results of a preliminary investigation, Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 203 (2001) 221–224.
6. Y.A. Rukah, K. Alsokhny, Geochemical assessment of groundwater contamination with special emphasis on fluoride concentration, North Jordan, Chem. Erde, 64 (2003) 171–181.
7. N. Oruc, Occurrence and problems of high fluoride waters in Turkey: an overview, Environ. Geochem. Health, 30 (2008) 315–323.
8. A.M. Abdelgawad, K. Watanabe, M. Mohammed, S. Takeuchi, Estimating groundwater residence time using multiple regression model based on fluoride dissolution: an exploration of possibilities, Environ. Earth Sci., 60 (2009) 449–462.
9. M.A. Armienta, N. Segovia, Arsenic and fluoride in the groundwater of Mexico, Environ. Geochem. Health, 30 (2008) 345–353.
10. R. Chandrajith, C.B. Dissanayake, T. Ariyarathna, H.M.J.M.K. Herath, J.P. Padmasiri, Dose-dependent Na and Ca in fluoriderich drinking water - another major cause of chronic renal failure in tropical arid regions, Sci. Total Environ., 40 (2011) 671–675.
11. R. Chandrajith, S. Nanayakkara, K. Itai, T.N.C. Aturaliya, C.B. Dissanayake, T. Abeysekera, H. Harada, T. Watanabe, A. Koizumi, Chronic kidney diseases of uncertain etiology (CKDue) in Sri Lanka: geographic distribution and environmental implications, Environ. Geochem. Health, 33 (2011) 267–278.
12. B. Shomar, Groundwater contaminations and health perspectives in developing world case study: Gaza Strip, Environ. Geochem. Health, 33 (2011) 189–202.
13. J. Hussain, I. Hussain, K.C. Sharma, Fluoride and health hazards: community perception in a fluorotic area of central Rajasthan (India): an arid environment, Environ. Monit. Assess., 162 (2010) 1–14.
14. J. Shen, G. Mkongo, G. Abbt-Braun, S.L. Ceppi, B.S. Richards, A.I. Schäfer, Renewable energy powered membrane technology: fluoride removal in a rural community in northern Tanzania, Sep. Purif. Technol., 149 (2015) 349–361.
15. S. Datta, D.L. Deb, S.K. Tyagi, Stable isotope (180) investigations on the processes controlling fluoride contamination of groundwater, J. Contam. Hydrol., 24 (1996) 85–96.
16. K. Tirumalesh, K. Shivanna, A.A. Jalihal, Isotope hydrochemical approach to understand fluoride release into groundwaters of Ilkal area, Bagalkot District, Karnataka, India, Hydrogeol. J., 15 (2007) 589–598.
17. A. Farooqi, H. Masuda, N. Firdous, Toxic fluoride and arsenic contaminated groundwater in the Lahore and Kasur districts, Punjab, Pakistan and possible contaminant sources, Environ. Pollut., 154 (2007) 839–849.
18. D.L. Ozsvath, Fluoride and environmental health: a review, Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol., 8 (2009) 59–79.
19. K.W.M. Msonda, W.R.L Masamba, E. Fabiano, A study of fluoride groundwater occurrence in Nathenje, Lilongwe, Malawi, Phys. Chem. Earth, 32 (2007) 1178–1184.
20. N.C. Mondal, R.K. Prasad, V.K. Saxena, Y. Singh, V.S. Singh, Appraisal of highly fluoride zones in groundwater of Kurmapalli watershed, Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh (India), Environ. Earth Sci., 59 (2009) 63–73.
21. D.V. Reddy, P. Nagabhushana, B.S. Sukhij, A.G.S. Reddy, P.L. Smedley, Fluoride dynamics in the granitic aquifer of the Wailapally watershed, Nalgonda District, India, Chem. Geol., 269 (2009) 278–289.
22. G.T. Chae, S.T. Yun, B. Mayer, K.H. Kim, S.Y. Kim, J.S. Kwon, K. Kim, Y.K. Koh, Fluorine geochemistry in bedrock groundwater of South Korea, Sci. Total Environ., 385 (2007) 272–283.
23. M.G. Garcıa, K.L. Lecomte, Y. Stupar, S.M. Formica, M. Barrionuevo, M. Vesco, R. Gallara, R. Ponce, Geochemistry and health aspects of F-rich mountainous streams and groundwaters from sierras Pampeanas de Cordoba, Argentina, Environ. Earth Sci., 65 (2012) 535–545, Special Issue.
24. S. Naseem, T. Rafique, E. Bashir, M.I. Bhanger, A. Laghari, T.H. Usmani, Lithological influences on occurrence of highfluoride groundwater in Nagar Parkar area, Thar Desert, Pakistan, Chemosphere, 78 (2010) 1313–1321.
25. A. Davraz, E. Sener, S. Sener, Temporal variations of fluoride concentration in Isparta public water system and health impact assessment (SW-Turkey), Environ. Geol., 56 (2008) 159–170.
26. M. Amini, K. Mueller, K.C. Abbaspour, T. Rosenberg, M. Afyuni, K.N. Møller, M. Sarr, Johnson, Statistical modelling of global geogenic fluoride contamination in groundwaters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (2008) 3662–3668.
27. G.T. Chae, S.T. Yun, M.J. Kwon, Y.S. Kim, B. Mayer, Batch dissolution of granite and biotite in water: implication for fluorine geochemistry in groundwater, Geochem. J., 40 (2006) 95–102.
28. T. Rafique, S. Naseem, T.H. Usmania, E. Bashir, F.A. Khana, M.I. Bhangerc, Geochemical factors controlling the occurrence of high fluoride groundwater in the Nagar Parkar area, Sindh, Pakistan, J. Hazard. Mater., 171 (2009) 424–430.
29. W. Furi, M. Razack, T.A. Abiye, T. Ayenew, D. Legesse, Fluoride enrichment mechanism and geospatial distribution in the volcanic aquifers of the Middle Awash basin, Northern Main Ethiopian Rift, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 60 (2011) 315–327.
30. Q. Guo, Y. Wang, T. Ma, R. Ma, Geochemical processes controlling the elevated fluoride concentrations in groundwaters of the Taiyuan Basin, Northern China, J. Geochem. Explor., 93 (2007) 1–12.
31. F.M. Fordyce, K. Vrana, E. Zhovinsky, V. Povoroznuk, G. Toth, B.C. Hope, U. ljinsky, J. Baker, A health risk assessment for fluoride in Central Europe, Environ. Geochem. Health, 29 (2007) 83–102.
32. T. Takeda, S. Takizawa, Health Risks of Fluoride in the Chiang Mai Basin, Thailand, S. Takizawa, Ed., Groundwater Management in Asian Cities: Technology and Policy for Sustainability, Springer, 2008, pp. 301–326.
33. T. Rango, J. Kravchenko, B. Atlaw, P.G. McCornick, M. Jeuland, B. Merola, A. Vengosh, Groundwater quality and its health impact: an assessment of dental fluorosis in rural; inhabitants of the Main Ethiopian Rift, Environ. Int., 43 (2012) 37–47.
34. R.C. Meenakshi, Maheshwari, Fluoride in drinking water and its removal, J. Hazard. Mater., B137 (2006) 456–463.
35. S.K. Andezhath, G. Ghosh, Fluorosis Management in India: The Impact Due to Networking between Health and Rural Drinking Water Supply Agencies, Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Drinking Water Risk Assessment and Management, Proceedings of the Santiago (Chile) Symposium, September 1998, IAHS Publ. No. 260, 2000, 159–165.
36. J. Hussain, I. Hussain and K.C. Sharma, Fluoride and health hazards: community perception in a fluorotic area of central Rajasthan (India): an arid environment, Environ. Monit. Assess., 162 (2010) 1–14.
37. A. Bhatnagar, E. Kumar, M. Sillanpaa, Fluoride removal from water by adsorption - a review, Chem. Eng. J., 171 (2011) 811–840.
38. S. Waghmare, T. Arfin, S. Rayalu, D. Lataye, S. Dubey, S. Tiwari, Adsorption behaviour of modified zeolite as novel adsorbents for fluoride removal from drinking water: surface phenomena, kinetics and thermodynamics studies, Int. J. Sci. Eng. Technol. Res., 4 (2015) 4114–4124.
39. B. Abairre, F. Zewge, M. Endalew, Operational Experience on Small-scale Community Defluoridation Systems, R. Shaw, Ed., Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: Sustainable Development and Multisectoral Approaches, Proceedings of 34th WEDC International Conference, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 2009, pp. 1219–1226.
40. A.I. Schäfer, J. Shen, B.S. Richards, Renewable energy powered membrane technology: removal of natural organic matter and fluoride in Tanzanian communities, npj Nat. Clean Water, 24 (2018) 1–10.
41. Anon, Bongo District Population and Housing Census, 2000a, Available at: http://bongo.ghanadistricts.gov.gh/?arrow=atd&_= 103&sa=4944 (accessed 05/2014).
42. Anon, Government of Ghana: Medium Term Development Plan, 2006–2009 Under GPRS II, District Report, Sub-Section 3.4, 2010, pp. 70–77.
43. Anon, Bongo District Water and Sanitation Plan. Water Aid Ghana and Sicap Sacré Coeur III Villa N° 9231 – BP: 16473 Dakar/Fann, Sénégal, 2008.
44. R.J. Murray, Geology of Zuarungu 1/2 Field Sheet, Geological Survey Department, Bulletin No.25, 1960.
45. D.A. Abugri, K.B. Pelig-Ba, Assessment of fluoride content in tropical surface soils used for crop cultivation, Afr. J. Environ. Sci. Technol., 5 (2011) 653–660.
46. E.K. Abitty, S.B. Dampare, P.M. Nude, D.K. Asiedu, Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the K-rich ‘Bongo-Type’ granitoids in the Paleoproterozoic Bole-Nangodi greenstone belt of Ghana, J. Afr. Earth Sci., 122 (2016) 47–62.
47. R.A. Addae, Petrology and Geochemistry of the K-Rich Granitoids in the Bole-Nangodi Belt of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian Terrane of Ghana, M.Phil. Thesis, 2016, 176p. Available at: http://ugspace.edu.gh/handle/123456789/22810.
48. K.A. Alfredo, D.F. Lawler, L.E. Katz, Fluoride contamination in the Bongo District of Ghana, West Africa: geogenic contamination and cultural complexities, Water Int., 39 (2014) 486–503.
49. F.A. Atipoka, Water supply challenges in rural Ghana, Desalination, 251 (2010) 212–217.
50. J.M. Friscia, B. Epstein, T. Cumberbatch, A. Okuneff, Water Usage and Availability in Bongo’s Communities: Research Leading to the Development of an Indigenous Fluoride Filter, American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting, San Fransico, 2010.
51. Anon, Update of the Strategic Investment Plan, 2008–2015 & The Medium-Term Plan, 2008–2012, Community Water and Sanitation Agency, Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing, 2007, 53p.
52. S.A. Adugbire, J.S. Kuma, R.S. Suglo, R.S. Nartey, Communitybased management of boreholes in the Talensi-Nabdam district in the Upper East Region, Ghana; problems and solutions, Eur. J. Sci. Res., 46 (2010) 643–653.
53. H.M.A. Rossiter, P.A. Owusu, E. Awuah, A. Macdonald, A.I. Schäfer, Chemical drinking water quality in Ghana: water costs and scope for advanced treatment, Sci. Total Environ., 408 (2010) 2378–2386.
54. A.I.N. Tchoupé, R.A. Crane, H.T. Mwakabona, C. Noubactep, N. Karoli, K.N. Njau, Technologies for decentralized fluoride removal: testing metallic iron-based filters, Water, 7 (2015) 6750–6774.
55. A.I.N. Tchoupé, R.T.T. Tsindé, M. Lufingo, Z.P. Ali, I. Lugodisha, R.I. Mureth, M. Nkinda, J. Marwa, W. Gwenzi, T.B. Mwamila, M.A. Rahman, C. Noubactep, K.N. Njau, White teeth and healthy skeletons for all: the path to universal fluoride-free drinking water in Tanzania, Water, 11 (2019) 131.
56. E.Y. Wong, M.K. Stenstrom, On-site defluoridation system for drinking water treatment using calcium carbonate, J. Environ. Manage., 216 (2018) 270–274.
57. R.K. Daw, Experiences with Domestic Defluoridation in India, 30th WEDC International Conference, People-Centred Approaches to Water and Environmental Sanitation, Vientiane, Lao PDR, 2004, pp. 467–473.
58. M. Khazir, P. Tangade, S. Abdullah, K. Thanveer, A. Gupta, V. Singh, A. Jain, P. Pranshu Varshney, Defluoridation by domestic methods: a review article, Eur. J. Pharm. Med. Res., 5 (2018) 516–519.
59. Anon, Personal Communication, Bongo District Assembly, Upper East, Ghana, 2014.
60. F. Anayah, J.J. Kaluarachchi, Groundwater Resources of Northern Ghana: Initial Assessment of Data Availability, Utah State University, 2009, p. 8.
61. J. Shen, A. Schäfer, Removal of fluoride and uranium by nanofiltration and reverse osmosis: a review, Chemosphere, 117 (2014) 679–691.
62. K. Hu, J.M. Dickson, Nanofiltration membrane performance on fluoride removal from water, J. Membr. Sci., 279 (2006) 529–538.
63. B. Van der Bruggen, C. Van de casteele, Removal of pollutants from surface water and groundwater by nanofiltration: overview of possible applications in the drinking water industry, Environ. Pollut., 122 (2003) 435–445.
64. A.I. Schäfer, G. Hughes, B.S. Richards, Renewable energy powered membrane technology: a leapfrog approach to rural water treatment in developing countries?, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 40 (2014) 542–556.
65. A.J. Fdez de Palencia, A. Pérez-Foguet, Water point mapping for analysis of rural water supply plans: case study from Tanzania, J. Water Resour. Plann. Manage., 137 (2011) 439–447.
66. B.K. Handa, Geochemistry and genesis of fluoride containing ground waters in India, Groundwater, 25 (1975) 255–264.
67. K.B. Pelig-Ba, Geochemistry of crystalline rocks from the east of the upper east region of Ghana, Res. J. Environ. Earth Sci., 4 (2012) 534–545.
68. Ghana Statistical Service (GSS), 2010 Population and Housing Census, Summary Report of Final Results, Ghana Statistical Service, 2012, p 102.
69. J. Osei, K.Y. Gawu, A.I. Schäfer, F. Atipoka, F.W.Y. Momade, Impact of laterite characteristics on fluoride removal, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 91 (2015) 911–920.
70. A. Salifu, B. Petrusevski, K. Ghebremichael, L. Modestus, R. Buamah, C. Aubry, G.L Amy, Aluminum hydroxide coated pumice for fluoride removal from drinking water: synthesis, equilibrium, kinetics and mechanism, Chem. Eng. J., 228 (2013) 63–74.
71. M. Heidari, F. Moattar, S. Naseri, M.T. Samadi, N. Khorasani, Evaluation of aluminum-coated pumice as a potential arsenic(V) adsorbent from water resources, Int. J. Environ. Res., 5 (2011) 447–456.