References

1. A. Bhatnagar, M. Sillanpää, A review of emerging adsorbents for nitrate removal from water, Chem. Eng. J., 168 (2011) 493–504.
2. B. Chen, Z. Chen, S. Lv, A novel magnetic biochar efficiently sorbs organic pollutants and phosphates, Bioresour. Technol., 102 (2011) 716–723.
3. P. Loganathan, S. Vigneswaran, J. Kandasamy, Enhanced removal of nitrate from water using surface modification of adsorbents – a review, J. Environ. Manage., 131 (2013) 363–374.
4. O. Pastushok, F. Zhao, D.L. Ramasamy, M. Sillanpää, Nitrate removal and recovery by capacitive deionization (CDI), Chem. Eng. J., 375 (2019) 121943.
5. C.V. Lazaratou, D.V. Vayenas, D. Papoulis, The role of clays, clay minerals and clay-based materials for nitrate removal from water systems: a review, Appl. Clay. Sci., 185 (2020) 105377.
6. M. Shrimali, K.P. Singh, New methods of nitrate removal from water, Environ. Pollut., 112 (2001) 351–359.
7. H. Li, X. Dong, E.B. da Silva, L.M. de Oliviera, Y. Chen, L.Q. Ma, Mechanisms of metal sorption by biochars: biochar characteristics and modifications, Chemosphere, 178 (2017) 466–478.
8. D. Mohan, P. Singh, A. Sarswat, P.H. Steele, C.U. Pittman Jr., Lead sorptive removal using magnetic and nonmagnetic fast pyrolysis energy cane biochars, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 448 (2015) 238–250.
9. X. Tan, Y. Liu, G. Zeng, X. Wang, X. Hu, Y. Gu, Z. Yang, Application of biochar for the removal of pollutants from aqueous solutions, Chemosphere, 125 (2015) 70–85.
10. K.R. Thinnes, E.C. Abdullah, N.M. Mubarak, M. Ruthiraan, Synthesis of magnetic biochar from agricultural waste biomass to enhancing route for waste-water polymer application: a review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 67 (2017) 257–276.
11. A.U. Rajapaksha, S.S. Chen, D.C.W. Tsang, M. Zhang, M. Vithanage, S. Mandal, B. Gao, N.S. Bolan, Y.S. Ok, Engineered/designer biochar for contaminant removal/immobilization from soil and water: potential and implication of biochar modification, Chemosphere, 148 (2016) 276–291.
12. A. El-Naggar, S.S. Lee, J. Rinklebe, M. Farooq, H. Song, A.K. Sarmah, A.R. Zimmerman, M. Ahmad, S.M. Shaheen, Y.S. Ok, Biochar application to low fertility soils: a review of current status, and future prospects, Geoderma, 337 (2019) 536–554.
13. A. El-Naggar, A.H. El-Naggar, S.M. Shaheen, B. Sarkar, S.X. Chang, D.C.W. Tsang, J. Rinklebe, Y.S. Ok, Biochar composition-dependent impacts on soul nutrient release, carbon mineralization, and potential environmental risk: a review, J. Environ. Manage., 241 (2019) 458–467.
14. M.B. Khan, X. Cui, G. Jilani, L. Tang, M. Lu, X. Cao, Z.A. Sahito, Y. Hamid, B. Hussain, X. Yang, Z. He, New insight into the impact of biochar during vermi-stabilazation of divergent biowastes: literature synthesis and research pursuits, Chemosphere, 238 (2020) 1246–1279.
15. X, Gong, L. Cai, S. Li, S.X. Chang, X. Sun, Z. An, Bamboo biochar amendment improves the growth and reproduction of Eisenia fetida and the quality of green waste vermicompost, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 156 (2019) 197–204.
16. J. Lehmann, S. Joseph, Biochar for Environmental Management: Science and Technology, Earthscan Press, 2009, p. 332.
17. L. Hernandéz-Mena, A. Pecora, A. Beraldo, Slow pyrolysis of bamboo biomas: analysis of biochar properties, Chem. Eng. Trans., 37 (2014) 115–120.
18. J. Jin, S. Li, X. Peng, W. Liu, C. Zhang, Y. Yang, L. Han, Z. Du, K. Sun, X. Wang, HNO₃ modified biochars for uranium(VI) removal from aqueous solution, Bioresour. Technol., 55 (2018) 567–572.
19. H.P. Lu, Z.A. Li, G. Gascó, A. Méndez, Y. Shen, J. Paz-Ferreiro, Use of magnetic biochars for the immobilization of heavy metals in a multi-contaminated soil, Sci. Total Environ., 622–623 (2018) 892–899.
20. E.B. Son, K.M. Poo, J.S. Chang, K.J. Chae, Heavy metal removal from aqueous solutions using engineered magnetic biochars derived from waste marine macro-algal biomass, Sci. Total Environ., 615 (2018) 161–168.
21. L. Beesley, M. Marmiroli, The immobilisation and retention of soluble arsenic, cadmium and zinc by biochar, Environ. Pollut., 159 (2011) 474–480.
22. A. Mukherjee, A.R. Zimmerman, W. Harris, Surface chemistry variations among a series of laboratory-produced biochars, Geoderma, 163 (2011) 247–255.
23. M. Mazarji, B. Aminzadeh, M. Baghdadi, A. Bhantnagar, Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution using modified granular activated carbon, J. Mol. Liq., 233 (2017) 139–148.
24. M. Thommes, K. Kaneko, A.V. Neimark, J.P. Olivier, F. Rodriguez-Reinoso, J. Rouquerol, K.S.W. Sing, Physisorption of gases, with special reference to the evaluation of surface area and pore size distribution (IUPAC Technical Report), Pure Appl. Chem., 87 (2015) 1051–1069.
25. J.D. Boer, B. Lippens, B. Linsen, J. Broekhoff, A.V.D. Heuvel, T.J. Osinga, The t-curve of multimolecular N₂-adsorption, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 21 (1966) 405–414.
26. E.P. Barrett, L.G. Joyner, P.P. Halenda, The determination of pore volume and area distributions in porous substances. I. Computations from nitrogen isotherms, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73 (1951) 373–380.
27. I. Langmuir, The constitution and fundamental properties of solids and liquids, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 38 (1916) 2221–2295.
28. H.M.F. Freundlich, Over the adsorption in solution, J. Phys. Chem., 57 (1906) 385–471.
29. A. Günay, E. Arslankaya, İ. Tosun, Lead removal from aqueous solution by natural and pretreated clinoptilolite: adsorption equilibrium and kinetics, J. Hazard. Mater., 146 (2007) 362–371.
30. M.M. Dubinin, L.V. Radushkievich, The equation of the characteristic of the activated charcoal, Proc Acad Sci. Phys. Chem. Sect., 55 (1947) 331–337.
31. S. Lagergren, Zur theorie der sogenannten adsorption geloster stoffe, Kungl. Svenska Vetenskapsakad., 24 (1989) 1–39.
32. Y.S. Ho, G. McKay, Pseudo-second-order model for sorption processes, Process Biochem., 34 (1999) 451–465.
33. H. Sun, W.C. Hockaday, C.A. Masiello, K. Zygourakis, Multiple controls on the chemical and physical structure of biochars, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 51 (2012) 3587–3597.
34. D. Mohan, A. Sarswat, Y.S. Ok, C.U. Pittman Jr., Organic and inorganic contaminants removal from water with biochar, renewable, low cost sustainable adsorbent – a critical review, Bioresour. Technol., 160 (2014) 191–202.
35. P. Hudec, Textúra Tuhých Látok. Charakterizácia Adsorbentov a Katalyzátorov Fyzikálnou Adsorpciou Dusíka, Slovak Technical University, Slovakia, 2012, p. 311.
36. L. Chen, X.L. Chen, C.H. Zhou, H.M. Yang, S.F. Ji, D.S. Tong, Z.K. Zhong, W.H. Yu, M.Q. Chu, Environmental-friendly montmorillonite-biochar composites: facile production and tunable adsorption-release of ammonium and phosphate, J. Cleaner Prod., 156 (2017) 648–659.
37. S.B. Kanungo, S.K. Mishra, Thermal dehydratation and decomposition of FeCl₃·xH₂O, J. Therm. Anal., 46 (1996) 1487–1500.
38. M. Zhang, B. Gao, Y. Yao, Y. Xue, M. Inyang, Synthesis, characterization, and environmental implications of graphenecoated biochar, Sci. Total Environ., 435–436 (2012) 567–572.
39. Q. Huang, G. Lu, J. Wang, J. Yu, Thermal decomposition mechanism of MgCl₂·6H₂O and MgCl₂·H₂O, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 91 (2011) 159–164.
40. M. Zhang, B. Gao, Y. Yao, Y. Xue, M. Inyang, Synthesis of porous MgO-biochar nanocomposites for removal of phosphate and nitrate from aqueous solution, Chem. Eng. J., 210 (2012) 26–32.
41. E. Viglašová, M. Galamboš, Z. Danková, L. Krivosudský, C.L. Lengauer, R. Hood-Nowotny, G. Soja, A. Rompel, M. Matík, J. Briančin, Production, characterization and adsorption studies of bamboo-based biochar/montmorillonite composite for nitrate removal, Waste Manage., 79 (2018) 385–394.
42. C. Beusch, A. Cierjacks, J. Böhn, J. Martens, W.-A. Bischoff, J.C. de Araújo Filho, M. Kaupenjohann, Biochar vs. clays: comparison of their effects on nutrient retention of a tropical arenosol, Geoderma, 337 (2019) 524–535.
43. R. Tareq, N. Akter, Md.S. Azam, Chapter 10: Biochars and Biochar Composites: Low-Cost Adsorbents for Environmental Remediation, Biochar from Biomass and Waste Fundamentals and Applications, Elsevier, 2019, pp. 169–209.
44. M. Ghasemi, M. Naushad, N. Ghasemi, Y. Khosravi-Fard, Adsorption of Pb(II) from aqueous solution using new adsorbents prepared from agricultural waste: adsorption and kinetic studies, J. Ind. Eng. Chem., 20 (2014) 2193–2199.
45. R.B. Fidel, D.A. Laird, K.A. Spokas, Sorption of ammonium and nitrate to biochars is electrostatic and pH-dependent, Sci. Rep., 8 (2018) 17627.
46. L.D. Hafshejani, A. Hooshmand, A.A. Naseri, A.S. Mohammadi, F. Abbasi, A. Bhatnagar, Removal of nitrate from aqueous solution by modified sugarcane bagasse biochar, Ecol. Eng., 95 (2016) 101–111.
47. E. Agrafioti, D. Kalderis, E. Diamadopoulos, Ca and Fe modified biochars as adsorbents of arsenic and chromium in aqueous solutions, J. Environ. Manage., 146 (2014) 444–450.
48. A. Rahmani, H.Z. Mousavi, M. Fazli, Effect of nanostructure alumina on adsorption of heavy metals, Desalination, 253 (2010) 94–100.
49. M. Stjepanović, N. Velić, A. Lončarić, D. Gašo-Sokač, V. Bušić, M. Habuda-Stanić, Adsorptive removal of nitrate from wastewater using modified lignocellulosic waste material, J. Mol. Liq., 285 (2019) 535–544.