References

  1. R.W. Schofield, A.G. Fane, C.J.D. Fell, Heat and mass transfer in membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 33 (1987) 299–313.
  2. J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, Heat transport and membrane distillation coefficients in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 212 (2003) 177–193.
  3. K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 124 (1997) 1–25.
  4. M. Gryta, M. Tomaszewska, A.W. Morawski, Membrane distillation with laminar flow, Sep. Purif. Technol., 11 (1997) 93–101.
  5. M. Khayet, A. Velázquez, I. Mengual Juan, Modelling mass transport through a porous partition: effect of pore size distribution, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 29 (2004) 279–299.
  6. H.I. Plamenov, Model-Based Analysis and Optimization of Membrane Distillation, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, 2017.
  7. M.C. García-Payo, M.A. Izquierdo-Gil, Thermal resistance technique for measuring the thermal conductivity of thin microporous membranes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys., 37 (2004) 3008–3016.
  8. E.E. Gonzo, Estimating correlations for the effective thermal conductivity of granular materials, Chem. Eng. J., 90 (2002) 299–302.
  9. S. Al-Obaidani, E. Curcio, F. Macedonio, G. Di Profio, H. Al-Hinai, E. Drioli, Potential of membrane distillation in seawater desalination: thermal efficiency, sensitivity study and cost estimation, J. Membr. Sci., 323 (2008) 85–98.
  10. N. Loussif, J. Orfi, Comparative study of air gap, direct contact and sweeping gas membrane distillation configurations, Membr. Water Treat., 7 (2016) 71–86.
  11. J. Vanneste, J.A. Bush, K.L. Hickenbottom, C.A. Marks, D. Jassby, C.S. Turchi, T.Y. Cath, Novel thermal efficiency-based model for determination of thermal conductivity of membrane distillation membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 548 (2018) 298–308.
  12. R.W. Schofield, A.G. Fane, C.J.D. Fell, R. Macoun, Factors affecting flux in membrane distillation, Desalination, 77 (1990) 279–294.
  13. J. Phattaranawik, R. Jiraratananon, A.G. Fane, C. Halim, Mass flux enhancement using spacer filled channels in direct contact membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 187 (2001) 193–201.
  14. E. Curcio, E. Drioli, Membrane distillation and related operations: a review, Sep. Purif. Rev., 34 (2005) 35–86.
  15. P. Termpiyakul, R. Jiraratananon, S. Srisurichan, Heat and mass transfer characteristics of a direct contact membrane distillation process for desalination, Desalination, 177 (2005) 133–141.
  16. S. Adnan, M. Hoang, H. Wang, Z. Xie, Commercial PTFE membranes for membrane distillation application: effect of microstructure and support material, Desalination, 284 (2012) 297–308.
  17. Y.M. Manawi, M. Khraisheh, A.K. Fard, F. Benyahia, S. Adham, Effect of operational parameters on distillate flux in direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD): comparison between experimental and model predicted performance, Desalination, 336 (2014) 110–120.
  18. A. Tamburini, M. Renda, A. Cipollina, G. Micale, M. Ciofalo, Investigation of heat transfer in spacer-filled channels by experiments and direct numerical simulations, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 93 (2016) 1190–1205.
  19. R. Ullah, M. Khraisheh, R.J. Esteves, J.T. McLeskey, M. AlGhouti, M. Gad-el-Hak, H. Vahedi Tafreshi, Energy efficiency of direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, 433 (2018) 56–67.
  20. H. Fan, Y. Peng, Application of PVDF membranes in desalination and comparison of the VMD and DCMD processes, Chem. Eng. Sci., 79 (2012) 94–102.
  21. M. Khayet, T. Matsuura, Membrane Distillation: Principles and Applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2011.
  22. Z. Li, Y. Peng, Y. Dong, H. Fan, P. Chen, L. Qiu, Q. Jiang, Effects of thermal efficiency in DCMD and the preparation of membranes with low thermal conductivity, Appl. Surf. Sci., 317 (2014) 338–349.
  23. J. Zhang, S. Gray, J.-D. Li, Predicting the influence of operating conditions on DCMD flux and thermal efficiency for incompressible and compressible membrane systems, Desalination, 323 (2013) 142–149.
  24. G. Zuo, R. Wang, R. Field, A.G. Fane, Energy efficiency evaluation and economic analyses of direct contact membrane distillation system using Aspen Plus, Desalination, 283 (2011) 237–244.
  25. H.C. Duong, L. Xia, Z. Ma, P. Cooper, W. Ela, L.D. Nghiem, Assessing the performance of solar thermal driven membrane distillation for seawater desalination by computer simulation, J. Membr. Sci., 542 (2017) 133–142.
  26. A. Criscuoli, M.C. Carnevale, E. Drioli, Evaluation of energy requirements in membrane distillation, Chem. Eng. Process, 47 (2018) 1098–1105.
  27. Z. Kuang, R. Long, Z. Liu, W. Liu, Analysis of temperature and concentration polarizations for performance improvement in direct contact membrane distillation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, 145 (2019) 118724.
  28. M. Khayet, Solar desalination by membrane distillation: dispersion in energy consumption analysis and water production costs: a review, Desalination, 308 (2013) 89–101.
  29. R. Long, X. Lai, Z. Liu, W. Liu, Direct contact membrane distillation system for waste heat recovery: modelling and multi-objective optimization, Energy, 148 (2018) 1060–1068.
  30. S.T. Bouguecha, S.E. Aly, M.H. Al-Beirutty, M.M. Hamdi, A. Boubakri, Solar driven DCMD: performance evaluation and thermal energy efficiency, Chem. Eng. Res. Des., 100 (2015) 331–340.
  31. G. Guan, X. Yang, R. Wang, A.G. Fane, Evaluation of heat utilization in membrane distillation desalination system integrated with heat recovery, Desalination, 366 (2015) 80–93.
  32. M. Khayet, M.P. Godino, J.I. Mengual, Modelling transport mechanism through a porous partition, J. Non-Equilib. Thermodyn., 26 (2001) 1–14.
  33. M. Qtaishat, T. Matsuura, B. Kruczek, M. Khayet, Heat and mass transfer analysis in direct contact membrane distillation, Desalination, 219 (2008) 272–292.
  34. R.W. Schofield, A.G. Fane, C.J.D. Fell, Gas and vapour transport through microporous membranes: II. membrane distillation, J. Membr. Sci., 53 (1990) 173–185.
  35. R.W. Schofield, A.G. Fane, C.J.D. Fell, Gas and vapour transport through microporous membranes: I. Knudsen-poiseuille transition, J. Membr. Sci., 53 (1990) 159–171.
  36. A. Alkhudhiri, N. Darwish, N. Hilal, Membrane distillation: a comprehensive review, Desalination, 287 (2012) 2–18.
  37. K.G. Nayar, M.H. Sharqawy, L.D. Banchik, J.H. Lienhard V, Thermophysical properties of seawater: a review and new correlations that include pressure dependence, Desalination, 390 (2016) 1–24.
  38. Q.L. Ve, K. Rahaoui, M. Bawahab, H. Faqeha, A. Date, A. Faghih, A. Akbarzadeh, An experimental heat transfer investigation of using spacer in direct contact membrane distillation, Energy Procedia, 160 (2019) 223–230.
  39. Q.L. Ve, K. Rahaoui, M. Bawahab, H. Faqeha, A. Date, A. Akbarzadeh, C.M. Do, L.Q. Nguyen, Experimental investigation of heat transfer correlation for direct contact membrane distillation, J. Heat Transfer, 142 (2019) 012001-1–012001-13.
  40. I. Hitsov, L. Eykens, W.D. Schepper, K.D. Sitter, C. Dotremont, I. Nopens, Full-scale direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) model including membrane compaction effects, J. Membr. Sci., 524 (2017) 245–256.
  41. M. Gryta, M. Tomaszewska, Heat transport in the membrane distillation process, J. Membr. Sci., 144 (1998) 211–222.
  42. K.W. Lawson, D.R. Lloyd, Membrane distillation: II. Direct contact MD, J. Membr. Sci., 120 (1996) 123–133.
  43. J. Zhang, S. Gray, J.-D. Li, Modelling heat and mass transfers in DCMD using compressible membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 387–388 (2012) 7–16.
  44. L. Martı́nez-Dı́ez, M.I. Vázquez-González, F.J. Florido-Dı́az, Study of membrane distillation using channel spacers, J. Membr. Sci., 144 (1998) 45–56.
  45. A.S. Jönsson, R. Wimmerstedt, A.C. Harrysson, Membrane distillation – a theoretical study of evaporation through microporous membranes, Desalination, 56 (1985) 237–249.
  46. A.R. da Costa, Fluid Flow and Mass Transfer in Spacer-Filled Channels for Ultrafiltration, School of Chemical Engineering and Industrial Chemistry, University of New South Wales, Australia, 1993.
  47. C.J. Geankoplis, Transport Processes and Unit Operations, Prentice-Hall International, Inc. 937, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 07632, USA, 1993.