References

  1. M.D. Sobsey, C.E. Stauber, L.M. Casanova, J.M. Brown, M.A. Elliott, Point of use household drinking water filtration: a practical, effective solution for providing sustained access to safe drinking water in the developing world, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (2008) 4261–4267.
  2. S. Kumar, A. Haikerwal, S.K. Saxena, Epidemiology of Water- Associated Infectious Diseases, S.K. Saxena, Ed., Water-Associated Infectious Diseases, Springer, Singapore, 2020, pp. 19–25.
  3. N. Mahmoud, W. Hogland, M. Sokolov, V. Rud, N. Myazin, Assessment of rainwater harvesting for domestic water supply in Palestinian rural areas, MATEC Web Conf., 245 (2018) 06012, doi:10.1051/matecconf/201824506012.
  4. N. Monitor, NGO, 2015, Retrieved January.
  5. S. Jarrar, No Justice, No Adaptation: The Politics of Climate Change Adaptation in Palestine, La balsa de piedra: revista de teoría y geoestrategia iberoamericana y mediterránea, 2015, pp. 1–26.
  6. D.A. Duran Romero, M.C. de Almeida Silva, B.J.M. Chaúque, A.D. Benetti, Biosand filter as a point-of-use water treatment technology: influence of turbidity on microorganism removal efficiency, Water, 12 (2020) 2302, doi: 10.3390/w12082302.
  7. M.A. Elliott, C.E. Stauber, F. Koksal, F.A. DiGiano, M.D. Sobsey, Reductions of E. coli, echovirus type 12 and bacteriophages in an intermittently operated household-scale slow sand filter, Water Res., 42 (2008) 2662–2670.
  8. M. Kubare, J. Haarhoff, Rational design of domestic biosand filters, J. Water Supply Res. Technol. AQUA, 59 (2010) 1–15.
  9. D.G. Jenkins, L.A. McCauley, GIS, SINKS, FILL, and Disappearing Wetlands: Unintended Consequences in Algorithm Development and Use, Proceedings of the 2006 ACM Symposium on Applied Computing (SAC), Dijon, France, April 23–27, 2006.
  10. D. Janjaroen, Biosand filter (BSF): types and mechanisms behind its efficiency, Appl. Environ. Res., 38 (2016) 87–102.
  11. J.A. Napotnik, D. Baker, K.L. Jellison, Effect of sand bed depth and medium age on Escherichia coli and turbidity removal in biosand filters, Environ. Sci. Technol., 51 (2017) 3402–3409.
  12. T.K. Stevik, G. Ausland, J.F. Hanssen, P.D. Jenssen, The influence of physical and chemical factors on the transport of E. coli through biological filters for wastewater purification, Water Res., 33 (1999) 3701–3706.
  13. H.G. Hwang, M.S. Kim, S.M. Shin, C.W. Hwang, Risk assessment of the schmutzdecke of biosand filters: identification of an opportunistic pathogen in schmutzdecke developed by an unsafe water source, Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 11 (2014) 2033–2048.
  14. T.K.K. Ngai, B. Coff, D. Baker, R. Lentz, Chapter 42 – Global Review of the Adoption, Use and Performance of the Biosand Filter, N. Nakamoto, N. Graham, M. Robin Collins, R. Gimbel, Eds., Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes: Further Developments and Applications, International Water Association, 2014, pp. 309–317.
  15. N. Arnold, A. Archer, B. Barkdoll, Bacterial adaptation and performance of household biosand water filters in differing temperatures, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 16 (2016) 794–801.
  16. S.-J. Haig, C. Quince, R.L. Davies, C.C. Dorea, G. Collins, Replicating the microbial community and water quality performance of full-scale slow sand filters in laboratory-scale filters, Water Res., 61 (2014) 141–151.
  17. B. Durakovic, Design of experiments application, concepts, examples: state of the art, Periodicals Eng. Nat. Sci. (PEN), 5 (2017) 421–439.
  18. F.H. Abu Elamreen, A.A. Abed, F.A. Sharif, Detection and identification of bacterial enteropathogens by polymerase chain reaction and conventional techniques in childhood acute gastroenteritis in Gaza, Palestine, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 11 (2007) 501–507.
  19. R. Leardi, Design‐Expert 6.0, Stat‐Ease, Inc., E. Hennepin Avenue, Ste 480, Minneapolis, MN 55413‐2726, USA, 2021. Available at: http://www.statease.com/swprice.html
  20. S.L.C. Ferreira, R.E. Bruns, H.S. Ferreira, G.D. Matos, J.M. David, G.C. Brandão, E.G.P. da Silva, L.A. Portugal, P.S. dos Reis, A.S. Souza, W.N.L. dos Santos, Box-Behnken design: an alternative for the optimization of analytical methods, Anal. Chim. Acta, 597 (2007) 179–186.
  21. K. Rajesh Tundia, M.M. Ahammed, D. George, The effect of operating parameters on the performance of a biosand filter: a statistical experiment design approach, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 16 (2016) 775–782.
  22. N. Aslan, Y. Cebeci, Application of Box–Behnken design and response surface methodology for modeling of some Turkish coals, Fuel, 86 (2007) 90–97.
  23. T.K.K. Ngai, R.R. Shrestha, B. Dangol, M. Maharjan, S.E. Murcott, Design for sustainable development—household drinking water filter for arsenic and pathogen treatment in Nepal, J. Environ. Sci. Health. Part A Toxic/Hazard. Subst. Environ. Eng., 42 (2007) 1879–1888.
  24. C.C.V. Chan, K. Neufeld, D. Cusworth, S. Gavrilovic, T.K.K. Ngai, Investigation of the effect of grain size, flow rate and diffuser design on the CAWST biosand filter performance, Int. J. Service Learning Eng., Humanitarian Eng. Social Entrepreneurship, 10 (2015) 1–23.
  25. J. Baumgartner, S. Murcott, M. Ezzati, Reconsidering ‘appropriate technology’: the effects of operating conditions on the bacterial removal performance of two household drinkingwater filter systems, Environ. Res. Lett., 2 (2007) 024003.
  26. T.M. Webster, N. Fierer, Microbial dynamics of biosand filters and contributions of the microbial food web to effective treatment of wastewater-impacted water sources, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 85 (2019) e01142–19.
  27. T.K.K. Ngai, D. Baker, Chapter 43 – Recent Advances in Household Biosand Filter Design, N. Nakamoto, N. Graham, M. Robin Collins, R. Gimbel, Eds., Progress in Slow Sand and Alternative Biofiltration Processes: Further Developments and Applications, International Water Association, 2014, pp. 319–330.
  28. M.N.B. Momba, S. Ndaliso, M.A. Binda, Effect of a combined chlorine-monochloramine process on the inhibition of biofilm regrowth in potable water systems, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 3 (2003) 215–221.
  29. A.T. Nair, M. Mansoor Ahammed, K. Davra, Influence of operating parameters on the performance of a household slow sand filter, Water Sci. Technol. Water Supply, 14 (2014) 643–649.