References

  1. E. Ntagia, E. Fiset, L.T.C. Hong, E. Vaiopoulou, K. Rabaey, Electrochemical treatment of industrial sulfidic spent caustic streams for sulfide removal and caustic recovery, J. Hazard. Mater., 388 (2020) 121770, doi: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121770.
  2. J.N. Hakizimana, B. Gourich, C. Vial, P. Drogui, A. Oumani, J. Naja, L. Hilali, Assessment of hardness, microorganism and organic matter removal from seawater by electrocoagulation as a pretreatment of desalination by reverse osmosis, Desalination, 393 (2016) 90–101.
  3. M. Malakootian, H. Mansoorian, M. Moosazadeh, Performance evaluation of electrocoagulation process using iron-rod electrodes for removing hardness from drinking water, Desalination, 255 (2010) 67–71.
  4. K. Brahmi, W. Bouguerra, H. Belhsan, E. Elaloui, M. Loungou, Z. Tlili, B. Hamrouni, Use of electrocoagulation with aluminum electrodes to reduce hardness in Tunisian phosphate mining process water, Mine Water Environ., 35 (2016) 310–317.
  5. D. Syam Babu, T. Anantha Singh, P. Nidheesh, M. Suresh Kumar, Industrial wastewater treatment by electrocoagulation process, Sep. Sci. Technol., 55 (2020) 3195–3227.
  6. N. Esmaeilirad, K. Carlson, P.O. Ozbek, Influence of softening sequencing on electrocoagulation treatment of produced water, J. Hazard. Mater., 283 (2015) 721–729.
  7. J.U. Halpegama, K.Y. Heenkenda, Z. Wu, K.G.N. Nanayakkara, R.M.G. Rajapakse, A. Bandara, A.C. Herath, X. Chen, R. Weerasooriya, Concurrent removal of hardness and fluoride in water by monopolar electrocoagulation, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 9 (2021) 106105, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2021.106105.
  8. S.B. Kausley, K.S. Desai, R.A. Patil, C.P. Malhotra, A.B. Pandit, Comparative study of lime softening, soda ash process, and electrocoagulation for the removal of hardness from groundwater, Proc. Indian Natl. Sci. Acad., 88 (2022) 379–391.
  9. B. Khaled, B. Wided, H. Béchir, E. Elimame, L. Mouna, T. Zied, Investigation of electrocoagulation reactor design parameters effect on the removal of cadmium from synthetic and phosphate industrial wastewater, Arabian J. Chem., 12 (2019) 1848–1859.
  10. M. Kobya, F. Ulu, U. Gebologlu, E. Demirbas, M.S. Oncel, Treatment of potable water containing low concentration of arsenic with electrocoagulation: different connection modes and Fe–Al electrodes, Sep. Purif. Technol., 77 (2011) 283–293.
  11. M. Mahmood, N. Yasri, B. Fuladpanjeh-Hojaghan, E.P. Roberts, Influence of operating conditions on the removal of silica and hardness by continuous electrocoagulation. J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 10 (2022) 108899, doi: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.108899.
  12. P. Sengupta, Potential health impacts of hard water, Int. J. Prev. Med., 4 (2013) 866–875.
  13. P.R. Kumar, S. Chaudhari, K.C. Khilar, S.P. Mahajan, Removal of arsenic from water by electrocoagulation, Chemosphere, 55 (2004) 1245–1252.
  14. S. Zhao, G. Huang, G. Cheng, Y. Wang, H. Fu, Hardness, COD and turbidity removals from produced water by electrocoagulation pretreatment prior to reverse osmosis membranes, Desalination, 344 (2014) 454–462.
  15. J. Koren, U. Syversen, State-of-the-art electroflocculation, Filtr. Sep., 32 (1995) 153–146.
  16. B.K. Nandi, S. Patel, Effects of operational parameters on the removal of brilliant green dye from aqueous solutions by electrocoagulation, Arabian J. Chem., 10 (2017) S2961–S2968.
  17. S. Sathe, Culturing and Harvesting Marine Microalgae for the Large-Scale Production of Biodiesel, Thesis, The University of Adelaide, Australia, 2010.
  18. P.K. Holt, G.W. Barton, C.A. Mitchell, The future for electrocoagulation as a localised water treatment technology, Chemosphere, 59 (2005) 355–367.
  19. K. Resan Kalash, I.N. Ghazi, M.A. Abdul-Majeed, Hardness removal from drinking water using electrochemical cell, J. Eng. Technol., 33 (2015) 78–89.
  20. J.A. Wass, Design-Expert 5.0, Biotech Software & Internet Report, Comp. Softw. J. Sci., 1 (2000) 88–95.
  21. E.W. Rice, R.B. Baird, A.D. Eaton, L.S. Clesceri, Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, American Public Health Association Washington, D.C., 2012.
  22. A. Standard, Standard Test Method for Hardness in Water, Annu. B. ASTM Stand, 2002.
  23. D. Arabian, Optimization of electrocoagulation system for municipal wastewater treatment, Desal. Water Treat., 217 (2021) 145–158.
  24. D. Arabian, A. Bolhasani, S. Karamian, E. Honarvar, Design and construction of a novel electrocoagulation reactor and process optimization for petrochemical spent caustic treatment, Desal. Water Treat., 239 (2021) 150–161.
  25. H.R. Pouretedal, M. Shamsi, D. Arabiyan, Statistical optimization of nitrocellulose removal from industrial wastewater by electrocoagulation using response surface method, Desal. Water Treat., 212 (2021) 212–219.
  26. H.R. Pouretedal, M.M. Amooshahi, S. Damiri, Degradation of sulfolane in petrochemical industry wastewater by electro- Fenton treatment using response surface method, Desal. Water Treat., 254 (2022) 38–49.
  27. M.A. Bezerra, R.E. Santelli, E.P. Oliveira, L.S. Villar, L.A. Escaleira, Response surface methodology (RSM) as a tool for optimization in analytical chemistry, Talanta, 76 (2008) 965–977.
  28. A. Mohammadi, S. Nemati, M. Mosaferi, A. Abdollahnejhad, M. Almasian, A. Sheikhmohammadi, Predicting the capability of carboxymethyl cellulose-stabilized iron nanoparticles for the remediation of arsenite from water using the response surface methodology (RSM) model: modeling and optimization, J. Contam. Hydrol., 203 (2017) 85–92.
  29. H. Godini, A. Sheikhmohammadi, L. Abbaspour, R. Heydari, G.S. Khorramabadi, M. Sardar, Z. Mahmoudi, Energy consumption and photochemical degradation of imipenem/cilastatin antibiotic by process of UVC/Fe2+/H2O2 through response surface methodology, Optik, 182 (2019) 1194–1203.
  30. S. Gao, J. Yang, J. Tian, F. Ma, G. Tu, M. Du, Electro-coagulation–flotation process for algae removal, J. Hazard. Mater., 177 (2010) 336–343.
  31. M. Malakootian, N. Yousefi, The efficiency of electrocoagulation process using aluminum electrodes in removal of hardness from water, J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng., 6 (2009) 131–136.
  32. C.T. Matos, M. Santos, B.P. Nobre, L. Gouveia, Nannochloropsis sp. biomass recovery by electro-coagulation for biodiesel and pigment production, Bioresour. Technol., 134 (2013) 219–226.
  33. P. Holt, G. Barton, C. Mitchell, Electrocoagulation as a Wastewater Treatment, The Third Annual Australian Environmental Engineering Research Event 1000, 1999, pp. 41–46.
  34. M. Yasasve, M. Manjusha, D. Manojj, N. Hariharan, P.S. Preethi, P. Asaithambi, N. Karmegam, M. Saravanan, Unravelling the emerging carcinogenic contaminants from industrial waste water for prospective remediation by electrocoagulation – a review, Chemosphere, 307 (2022) 136017, doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136017.
  35. F.Y. AlJaberi, Desalination of groundwater by electrocoagulation using a novel design of electrodes, Chem. Eng. Process. Process Intensif., 174 (2022) 108864, doi: 10.1016/j.cep.2022.108864.