References
  -  A.L. Bulta, G.A.W. Micheal, Evaluation of the efficiency of
    ceramic filters for water treatment in Kambata Tabaro zone,
    southern Ethiopia, Environ. Syst. Res., 8 (2019) 1, doi: 10.1186/s40068-018-0129-6. 
 
  -  C. Farrow, E. McBean, G. Huang, A.L. Yang, Y.C. Wu, Z. Liu,
    Z.N. Dai, H.Y. Fu, T. Cawte, Y.P. Li, Ceramic water filters: a
    point-of-use water treatment technology to remove bacteria
    from drinking water in Longhai City, Fujian Province,
    China, J. Environ. Inf., 32 (2018) 63–68. 
 
  -  P.-M. Nigay, A.A. Salifu, J.D. Obayemi, C.E. White, A. Nzihou,
    W.O. Soboyejo, Ceramic water filters for the removal of
    bacterial, chemical, and viral contaminants, J. Environ. Eng.,
  145 (2019), doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001579. 
 
  -  S. Mauran, L. Rigaud, O. Coudevylle, Application of the
    Carman–Kozeny correlation to a high‐porosity and anisotropic
    consolidated medium: the compressed expanded natural
    graphite, Transp. Porous Media, 43 (2001) 355–376. 
 
  -  N.L.Q. Cuong, N.H. Minh, H.M. Cuong, P.N. Quoc, N.H. Van
    Anh, N. Van Hieu, Porosity estimation from high resolution
    CT SCAN images of rock samples by using housfield unit,
    Open J. Geol., 8 (2018) 1019–1026. 
 
  -  D. Mašín, C. Tamagnini, G. Viggiani, D. Costanzo, Directional
    response of a reconstituted fine-grained soil—Part II:
    performance of different constitutive models, Int. J. Numer.
    Anal. Methods Geomech., 30 (2006) 1303–1336. 
 
  -  A. du Plessis, C. Broeckhoven, A. Guelpa, S.G. le Roux,
    Laboratory X-ray micro-computed tomography: a user
    guideline for biological samples, Gigascience, 6 (2017) 1–11. 
 
  -  C. Tien, B.V. Ramarao, Can filter cake porosity be estimated
    based on the Kozeny–Carman equation?, Powder Technol.,
    237 (2013) 233–240. 
 
  -  A. Reichenbach, et al., Finding and discussion, Prog. Retin. Eye
    Res., 561 (2019) S2–S3. 
 
  -  H. Yang, S. Xu, D.E. Chitwood, Y. Wang, Ceramic water filter
    for point-of-use water treatment in developing countries:
    principles, challenges and opportunities, Front. Environ. Sci.
  Eng., 14 (2020) 79, doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1254-9. 
 
  -  A.T. Ajibade, M.B. Amuda, O.T. Olurin, Dividend policy and
    financial performance – a study of quoted manufacturing
    firms in Nigeria and Kenya, South Asian J. Social Stud. Econ.,
    3 (2019) 1–8. 
 
  -  D.W. Robert, Development of a Ceramic Water Filter for Nepal,
    Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Master Thesis, 2013,
    p. 170. 
 
  -  B.A. Ajayi, Y.D. Lamidi, Formulation of ceramic water
    filter composition for the treatment of heavy metals and
    correction of physiochemical parameters in household water,
    Art Des. Rev., 3 (2015) 94–100. 
 
  -  S. Gupta, R.K. Satankar, A. Kaurwar, U. Aravind, M. Sharif,
    A. Plappally, Household production of ceramic water filters in
    Western Rajasthan, India, Int. J. Serv. Learn. Eng. Humanit. Eng.
    Soc. Entrep., 13 (2018) 53–66. 
 
  -  I. Yakub, A. Plappally, M. Leftwich, K. Malatesta, K.C. Friedman,
    S. Obwoya, F. Nyongesa, A.H. Maiga, A.B.O. Soboyejo,
    S. Logothetis, W. Soboyejo, Porosity, flow, and filtration
    characteristics of frustum-shaped ceramic water filters,
  J. Environ. Eng., 139 (2013) 986–994. 
 
  -  Q. Xiong, T.G. Baychev, A.P. Jivkov, Review of pore network
    modelling of porous media: experimental characterisations,
    network constructions and applications to reactive transport,
    J. Contam. Hydrol., 192 (2016) 101–117. 
 
  -  E. Walker, P.W.J. Glover, Permeability models of porous
    media: characteristic length scales, scaling constants and
    time-dependent electrokinetic coupling, Geophysics, 75 (2010)
    E235–E246. 
 
  -  A.A. Mohamad, Chapter 11 – Combustion in Porous Media:
    Fundamentals and Applications, D.B. Ingham, I. Pop, Eds.,
    Transport Phenomena in Porous Media III, Elsevier Ltd.,
    Oxford, United Kingdom: Pergamon, 2005, pp. 287–304,
  doi: 10.1016/B978-008044490-1/50015-6. 
 
  -  A. Jahanbakhsh, K.L. Wlodarczyk, D.P. Hand, R.R.J. Maier,
    M.M. Maroto-Valer, Review of microfluidic devices and
    imaging techniques for fluid flow study in porous geomaterials,
    Sensors (Switzerland), 20 (2020) 4030, doi: 10.3390/s20144030. 
 
  -  S. Khirevich, M. Yutkin, T.W. Patzek, Correct estimation of
    permeability using experiment and simulation, Phys. Fluids,
    34 (2022) 123603, doi: 10.1063/5.0123673. 
 
  -  S. Gärttner, F.O. Alpak, A. Meier, N. Ray, F. Frank, Estimating
    permeability of 3D micro-CT images by physics-informed
    CNNs based on DNS, Comput. Geosci., 27 (2023) 245–262. 
 
  -  S.D. Goals, World Health Statistics, 2022. 
 
  -  P.-M. Nigay, A. Salifu, J. Obayemi, C. White, A. Nzihou,
    W. Soboyejo, Ceramic water filters for the removal of bacterial,
    chemical, and viral contaminants, J. Environ. Eng., 145 (2019)
  04019066, doi: 10.1061/(ASCE)EE.1943-7870.0001579. 
 
  -  A.K. Plappally, J.H. Lienhard V, Costs for water supply,
    treatment, end-use and reclamation, Desal. Water Treat.,
    51 (2013) 200–232. 
 
  -  S. Duhan, S.K. Adari, N. Kanwar, S. Gupta, A.K.P.M. Ahmad,
    P.K. Dammala, M. Chhabra, A.K. Plappally, Suitability of
    Clayey Soils from Jalore and Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India, for
    the Production of 3-Litre Ceramic Water Filters, Desalination
    for the Environment, Clean Water and Energy, Limassol,
    Cyprus, May 22–May 26, 2023. 
 
  -  M. Ahmad, S. Duhan, R.K. Satankar, A.K. Plappally, Long-
    Term RELIABILITY assessment of Ceramic Water Filters:
    Strength and Electro-kinetic Parameter Studies, Proceedings
    of Desalination for the Environment, Clean Water and Energy,
    Limassol, Cyprus May 22–May 26, 2023. 
 
  -  D. van Halem, S.G.J. Heijman, A.I.A. Soppe, J.C. van Dijk,
    G.L. Amy, Ceramic silver-impregnated pot filters for
    household drinking water treatment in developing countries:
    material characterization and performance study, Water Sci.
    Technol. Water Supply, 7 (2007) 9–17. 
 
  -  S. Murcott, Arsenic Contamination in the World: An
    International Sourcebook 2012, Water Intelligence Online, 2012. 
 
  -  A.K. Plappally, J.H. Lienhard V, Energy requirements for water
    production, treatment, end use, reclamation, and disposal,
    Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev., 16 (2012) 4818–4848. 
 
  -  A. Plappally, I. Yakub, L.C. Brown, W.O. Soboyejo,
    A.B.O. Soboyejo, Theoretical and experimental investigation
    of water flow through porous ceramic clay composite
    water filter, FDMP, 5 (2009) 373–398. 
 
  -  E.A. Moreira, M.D.M. Innocentini, J.R. Coury, Permeability
    of ceramic foams to compressible and incompressible flow,
    J. Eur. Ceram. Soc., 24 (2004) 3209–3218. 
 
  -  S. Duhan, A.K. Agrawal, A.K. Plappally, Structural and
    Characterization Assessment of Clay Ceramic Water Filter
    Materials From Locations Near the Thar Desert in India,
    Proceedings of Desalination for the Environment, Clean Water
    and Energy, Limassol, Cyprus May 22–May 26, 2023. 
 
  -  R.G. Loucks, R.M. Reed, S.C. Ruppel, U. Hammes, Spectrum
    of pore types and networks in mudrocks and a descriptive
    classification for matrix-related mudrock pores, AAPG Bull.,
    6 (2012) 1071–1098. 
 
  -  J.M. Carcione, D. Gei, T. Yu, J. Ba, Effect of clay and mineralogy
    on permeability, Pure Appl. Geophys., 176 (2019) 2581–2594. 
 
  -  P. Iassonov, T. Gebrenegus, M. Tuller, Segmentation of
    X-ray computed tomography images of porous materials:
    a crucial step for characterization and quantitative
    analysis of pore structures, Water Resour. Res., 45 (2009),
    doi: 10.1029/2009WR008087. 
 
  -  F. Attivissimo, G. Cavone, A.M.L. Lanzolla, M. Spadavecchia,
    A technique to improve the image quality in computer
    tomography, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas., 59 (2010) 1251–1257. 
 
  -  C.R. Nithyananda, A.C. Ramachandra, Preethi, Review on
    Histogram Equalization based Image Enhancement Techniques,
    2016 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, and
    Optimization Techniques (ICEEOT), IEEE, Chennai, India,
    2016, pp. 2512–2517. 
 
  -  Z. Al-Ameen, G. Sulong, A. Rehman, A. Al-Dhelaan,
    T. Saba, M. Al-Rodhaan, An innovative technique for contrast
    enhancement of computed tomography images using
    normalized gamma-corrected contrast-limited adaptive
    histogram equalization, EURASIP J. Adv. Signal Process.,
    2015 (2015) 32, 
    doi: 10.1186/s13634-015-0214-1.  
  -  K. Zuiderveld, Graphics Gems IV, P.S. Heckbert, Ed., Academic
    Press Professional, Inc., San Diego, CA, USA, 1994, pp. 474–485.
    Available at http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=180895.180940 
 
  -  L. Sun, Q. Lei, B. Peng, G.M. Kontogeorgis, X. Liang, An analysis
    of the parameters in the Debye-Hückel theory, Fluid Phase
    Equilib., 556 (2022) 113398, doi: 10.1016/j.fluid.2022.113398. 
 
  -  A. Jacob, M. Peltz, S. Hale, F. Enzmann, O. Moravcova,
    L.N. Warr, G. Grathoff, P. Blum, M. Kersten, Simulating
    permeability reduction by clay mineral nanopores in a tight
    sandstone by combining computer X-ray microtomography
    and focussed ion beam scanning electron microscopy imaging,
    Solid Earth, 12 (2021) 1–14. 
 
  -  S.S. Patil, M.T. Dissertation, Voxel-Based Solid Models:
    Representation, Display and Geometric Analysis, Indian
    Institute of Technology, Bombay, 2005. 
 
  -  P. Suchde, T. Jacquemin, O. Davydov, Point cloud generation
    for meshfree methods: an overview, Arch. Comput.
    Methods Eng., 30 (2023) 889–915. 
 
  -  C. Newtonian, I. Newtonian, T. Navier, T. Navier, Derivation of
    the Navier–Stokes Equations, 2015, pp. 1–8. 
 
  -  A.J. Chorin, A numerical method for solving incompressible
    viscous flow problems, J. Comput. Phys., 2 (1967) 12–26. 
 
  -  V.-T. Nguyen, W.-G. Park, A review of preconditioning and
    artificial compressibility dual-time Navier–Stokes solvers for
    multiphase flows, Fluids, 8 (2023) 100, doi: 10.3390/fluids8030100. 
 
  -  L.M. Anovitz, D.R. Cole, Characterization and analysis of
    porosity and pore structures, Rev. Mineral. Geochem., 80 (2015)
    61–164. 
 
  -  S. Gaboreau, J.C. Robinet, D. Prêt, Optimization of porenetwork
    characterization of a compacted clay material by
    TEM and FIB/SEM imaging, Microporous Mesoporous Mater.,
    224 (2016) 116–128. 
 
  -  P.-E. Øren, S. Bakke, Process based reconstruction of sandstones
    and prediction of transport properties, Transp. Porous Media,
    46 (2002) 311–343. 
 
  -  C.A. Schneider, W.S. Rasband, K.W. Eliceiri, NIH Image to
    ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nat. Methods, 9 (2012)
    671–675. 
 
  -  L.M. Keller, P. Schuetz, R. Erni, M.D. Rossell, F. Lucas, P. Gasser,
    L. Holzer, Characterization of multi-scale microstructural
    features in opalinus clay, Microporous Mesoporous Mater.,
    170 (2013) 83–94. 
 
  -  C. Chen, D. Hu, D. Westacott, D. Loveless, Nanometer-scale
    characterization of microscopic pores in shale kerogen by
    image analysis and pore-scale modeling, Geochem. Geophys.
    Geosyst., 14 (2013) 4066–4075. 
 
  -  R. Wakeman, The influence of particle properties on filtration,
    Sep. Purif. Technol., 58 (2007) 234–241. 
 
  -  E. Escalera, M.L. Antti, M. Odén, Thermal treatment and phase
    formation in kaolinite and illite based clays from tropical
    regions of Bolivia, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng., 31 (2012)
    012017, 
    doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/31/1/012017.  
  -  FAO, Standard Operating Procedure for Cation Exchange
    Capacity and Exchangeable Bases, The Food and Agriculture
    Organization of the United Nations, 2022. 
 
  -  D. Jaremko, D. Kalembasa, A comparison of methods for the
    determination of cation exchange capacity of soils, Ecol. Chem.
    Eng. S, 21 (2014) 487–498. 
 
  -  V.A. Nguyen, M. Ramanathan, Application of Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory and the Guggenheim–Anderson–
    de Boer (GAB) equation for concentration-dependent, nonsaturable
    cell–cell interaction dose-responses, J. Pharmacokinet.
    Pharmacodyn., 47 (2020) 561–572. 
 
  -  A. Tironi, M.A. Trezza, E.F. Irassar, A.N. Scian, Thermal
    treatment of kaolin: effect on the pozzolanic activity, Procedia
    Mater. Sci., 1 (2012) 343–350. 
 
  -  W.F. Woodruff, A. Revil, CEC-normalized clay-water
    sorption isotherm, Water Resour. Res., 47 (2011) 1–15,
    doi: 10.1029/2011WR010919. 
 
  -  BIS, Indian Standard Drinking Water Specification (Second
    Revision), Bureau of Indian Standards, IS 10500, 2012, pp. 1–11. 
 
  -  W. Wang, A.N. Kravchenko, A.J.M. Smucker, M.L. Rivers,
    Comparison of image segmentation methods in simulated
    2D and 3D microtomographic images of soil aggregates,
    Geoderma, 162 (2011) 231–241.