References

  1. AWWA, Water Reuse Rates and Charges Survey Results, Denver, 2008.
  2. F.M. Moghadam, M. Mahdavi, A. Ebrahimi, H.R. Tashauoei, A.H. Mahvi, Feasibility study of wastewater reuse for irrigation in Isfahan, Iran, Middle East. J. Sci. Res., 23 (2015) 2366–2373.
  3. EPA, Implementation Guidance for the Filter Backwash Recycling Rule, Office of Water, 2004.
  4. N.J. McCormick, M. Porter, M.E. Walsh, Disinfection by-products in filter backwash water: Implications to water quality in recycle designs, Water. Res., 44 (2010) 4581–4589.
  5. P.W. Frederick, Regulating filter backwash water, J. AWWA., 89 (1997) 14.
  6. A. Nasser, Z. Huberman, L. Dean, F. Bonner, A. Adin, Coagulation as a pretreatment of SFBW for membrane filtration, Water. Sci. Technol: Wat. Supp., 2 (2002) 301–306.
  7. D.A. Cornwell, Treatment options for Giardia, Cryptosporidium and other contaminants in recycled backwash water, Amr. Water. Works. Assos., 2001.
  8. J.C. Bourgeois, M.E. Walsh, G.A. Gagnon, Comparison of process options for treatment of water treatment residual streams, J. Environ. Eng. Sci., 3 (2004) 408–416.
  9. M.E. Walsh, G.A. Gagnon, Blending membrane treated WTP waste residuals with finished water: impacts to water quality and biofilm formation, J. Wat. Supp. Res & Techno – AQUA., 55 (2006) 321–334.
  10. M.E. Walsh, G.A. Gagnon, Z. Alam, R.C. Andrews, Biostability and disinfectant by-product formation in drinking water blended with UF treated filter backwash water, Water. Res., 42 (2008) 2135–2145.
  11. A. Gottfried, A.D. Shepard, K. Hardiman, M.E. Walsh, Impact of recycling filter backwash water on organic removal in coagulation sedimentation processes, Water. Res., 42 (2008) 4683– 4691.
  12. J.K. Edzwald, J.E. Tobiason, M.B. Kelley, H.J. Dunn, P.B. Galant, G.S. Kaminski, Impacts of Filter Backwash Recycle on Clarification and Filtration, Amr. Wat. Work. Assoc. Res. Found, Denver, USA, 2001.
  13. US-EPA, Filter Backwash Recycling Rule Technical Guidance Manual, 2002.
  14. G.A. Edwards, A. Amirtharajah, Removing colour caused by humic acids, J. AWWA, 77 (1985) 50–57.
  15. M.C. Kavanaugh, Modified coagulation for improved removal of trihalomethane precursors, J. AWWA, 70 (1978) 613–620.
  16. H. Gallard, U.V. Gunten, Chlorination of natural organic matter: kinetics of chlorination and of THM formation, Water. Res., 36 (2002) 65–74.
  17. J.E.V. Benschoten, J.K. Edzwald, Measuring aluminium during water treatment: methodology and application, J. AWWA, (1990) 71.
  18. P.T. Srinivasan, T. Viraraghavan, K.S. Surbramanian, Alumnium in drinking water: an overview, Wat. SA., 25 (1999) 47–56.
  19. J. Tomperi, M. Pelo, K. Leiviska, Predicting the residual aluminium level in water treatment process, Drink. Wat. Eng. Sci., 6 (2013) 39–46.
  20. K.J. Choi, S.G. Kim, S.H. Kim, Removal of antibiotics by coagulation and granular activated carbon filtration, J. Hazard. Mater., 151 (2008) 38–43.
  21. A. Ebrahimi, E. Taheri, A. Pashaee, M. Mahdavi, Effectiveness of poly aluminium ferric chloride for turbidity and colour removal from low to medium turbid water, Arch. Hygi. Sci., 3 (2014) 175–183.
  22. X. Wu, X. Tan, S. Yang, T. Wen, H. Guo, X. Wang, A. Xu, Coexistence of adsorption and coagulation processes of both arsenate and NOM from contaminated groundwater by nanocrystallined Mg/Al layered double hydroxides, Water. Res., 47 (2013) 4159–4168.
  23. D. Ghernaout, The hydrophilic/hydrophobic ratio vs. dissolved organics removal by coagulation – A review, J. King. Saud. Univ. Sci., 26 (2014) 169–180.
  24. B. Gao, Q. Yue, Effect of ratio and OH/Al3+ value on the characterization of coagulant poly-aluminium-chloride-sulfate (PACS) and its coagulation performance in water treatment, J. Chemos., 61 (2005) 579–584.
  25. A. Zouboulis, P. Moussas, Polyferric silicate sulphate (PFSiS): preparation, characterisation and coagulation behaviour, Desalination, 224 (2008) 307–316.
  26. A. Zouboulis, N. Tzoupanos, Polyaluminium silicate chloride — a systematic study for the preparation and application of an efficient coagulant for water or wastewater treatment, J. Hazard. Mater., 162 (2009) 1379–1389.
  27. A. Ebrahimi, E. Taheri, A. Pashaee, M. Mahdavi, The effectiveness of polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFCl) for turbidity and colour removal from Isfahan raw water, Desal. Wat. Treat., 55 (2014) 1966–1972.
  28. G. Zhu, H. Zheng, Z. Zhang, T. Tshukudu, P. Zhang, X. Xiang, Characterization and coagulation–flocculation behavior of polymeric aluminium ferric sulfate (PAFS), Chem. Eng. J., 178 (2011) 50–59.
  29. W. Lan, H. Qiu, J. Zhang, Y. Yu, K. Yang, Z. Liu, G. Ding, Characteristic of a novel composite inorganic polymer coagulant–PFAC prepared by hydrochloric pickle liquor, J. Hazard. Mater., 162 (2009) 174–179.
  30. A. Adin, L. Dean, F. Bonner, A. Nasser, Z. Huberman, Characterization and destabilization of spent filter backwash water particles, Wat. Sci. Technol: Wat. Supply., 2 (2002) 115–122.
  31. Z.L. Yang, B.Y. Gao, Q.Y. Yue, Y. Wang, Effect of pH on the coagulation performance of Al-based coagulants and residual aluminium speciation during the treatment of humic acid-kaolin synthetic water J. Hazard. Mater., 178 (2010) 596–603.
  32. W. Stumm, Chemistry of the solid-water interface: processes at the mineral-water and particle-water interface in natural systems, John Wiley & Son Inc., 1992.
  33. J.K. Edzwald, J.E. Benschoten, Aluminium coagulation of natural organic matter, Chem. Wat. Wastewater Treat., (1990) 341–359.
  34. M. Yana, D. Wang, J. Yu, J. Ni, M. Edwards, J. Qu, Enhanced coagulation with polyaluminium chlorides: Role of pH/alkalinity and speciation, Chemos., 71 (2008) 1665–1673.
  35. K. McCurdy, K. Carlson, D. Gregory, Floc morphology and cyclic shearing recovery: comparison of alum and polyaluminium chloride coagulants, Wat. Res., 38 (2004) 486–494.
  36. Y. Shen, Treatment of low turbidity water by sweep coagulation using bentonite, J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol., 80 (2005) 581–586.
  37. J.Q. Jiang, Development of coagulation theory and pre-polymerised coagulants for water treatment, Sep. Purif. Methods., 30 (2001) 127–141.
  38. H.B. Halvadiya, D. Gangadharan, K.M. Popat, P.S. Anand, Deionization of coagulated, clarified, turbid gaurishankar lake waters by using ion-exchange technology, Sep. Sci. Technol., 43 (2008) 2183–2195.
  39. T. Tseng, M. Edwards, Predicting full-scale TOC removal. J. AWWA, 91 (1999) 159–170.
  40. M. Pivokonsky, J. Naceradska, T. Brabenec, K. Novotna, M. Baresova, V. Janda, The impact of interactions between algal organic matter and humic substances on coagulation, Wat. Res., 84 (2015) 278–285
  41. H. Zhao, C. Hu, H. Liu, X. Zhao, J. Qu, Role of aluminium speciation in the removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by a coagulation process, Environ. Sci. Technol., 42 (2008) 5752–5758.
  42. US-EPA, Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Precipitative Softening Guidance Manual, EPA, Office of Water and Drinking Ground Water, Washington, DC, 1998, pp. 20–50.
  43. J. Duan, J. Gregory, Coagulation by hydrolysing metal salts, Adv. Colloid. Interface. Sci., (2003) 100–102.
  44. A. Matilainen, M. Vepsäläinen, M. Sillanpää, Natural organic matter removal by coagulation during drinking water treatment: a review, Adv. Colloid. Interface. Sci., 159 (2010) 189–197.
  45. A.K. Verma, R.R. Dash, P. Bhunia, A review on chemical coagulation/flocculation technologies for removal of colour from textile wastewaters, J. Environ. Manage., 93 (2012) 154–168.
  46. J.K. Edzwald, Coagulation in drinking water treatment: particles, organics and coagulants, Wat. Sci. Technol., 27 (1993) 21–35.
  47. M. Yoshihiko, Y. Akira, F. Yuji, K. Tasuku, Dynamic analysis of coagulation with alum and PACl, J. AWWA, 90 (1998) 96–106.
  48. Q.S. Wei, C.H. Feng, D.S. Wang, B.Y. Shi, L.T. Zhang, Q. Wei, H.X. Tang, Seasonal variations of chemical and physical characteristics of dissolved organic matter and trihalomethane precursors in a reservoir: a case study, J. Hazard. Mater., 150 (2008) 257–264.
  49. M. Yan, D. Wang, S. You, J. Qu, H. Tang, Enhanced coagulation in a typical North-China water treatment plant, Wat. Res., 40 (2006) 3621–3627.
  50. G. Berthon, Aluminium speciation in relation to aluminium bioavailability, metabolism and toxicity, Coord. Chem. Rev., 228 (2002) 319–341.
  51. E. Gauthier, I. Fortier, F. Courchesne, P. Pepin, J. Mortimer, D. Gauvreau, Aluminium forms in drinking water and risk of Alzheimer’s disease, Environ. Res., 84 (2000) 234–246.
  52. G. Gyawali, A. Rajbhandari, Investigation on coagulation efficiency of polyaluminium silicate chloride (PASiC) coagulant, Sci. World., 10 (2012) 33–37.
  53. S.J. Randtke, Organic contaminant removal by coagulation and related process combinations, J. AWWA, 80 (1988) 40–56.
  54. P. Gebbie, An operator’s guide to water treatement coagulants, 31st Annual QLD Water Industry Workshop-Operations Skills, 2006.
  55. H. Arora, G. Di Giovanni, M. LeChevallier, Spent filter backwash water contaminants and treatment strategies, J. AWWA, 93 (2001) 100–111.
  56. P. Assavasilavasukul, B.L.T. Lau, G.W. Harrington, R.M. Hoffman, M.A. Borchardt, Effect of pathogen concentrations on removal of Cryptosporidium and Giardia by conventional drinking water treatment, Wat. Res., 42 (2008) 2678–2690.